PriMera Scientific Engineering (ISSN: 2834-2550)

The X model hence has four major modelling consideration as 1: Sensors/Inputs shown on Upper-Left of X, 2: Processors/Quantum A.I shown on Upper-Right of X, 3: Controllers shown on Lower-Right of X and finally 4: Outputs/Actuators/Executors shown on Lower-Left of X and the fusion gives complete engineering to Phantom Robots designing. Here in each section of X of Phantom Robots three essential designing aspects are “Analysis to use different colors lights wavelengths/Quanta’s to use as Sensors/Inputs , Processors/Quantum ALUs, Light Controllers and Outputs/Actuators/Executors” using modulation, modes, means, transport, hoping, tunneling, Spins , Amplification, Stimulated Emission, multiplications, rotation, reflection, transformation, splits, beam narrowing, beam expansion, diffractions, reflection, refraction of lights/Wavelengths/Quanta’s/Photons respectively. These are further as indicated on X model of Phantom Robotics Engineering as 1: Sensors/Inputs with modelling layers 1-L1, 1-L2 and 1-L3, 2: Processors/Quantum A.I with modelling layers 2-L1, 2L2 and 2-L3, 3: Controllers with modelling layers 3-L1, 3-L2 and 3-L3 and finally: Outputs/Actuators/Executors with modelling layers 4-L1, 4-L2 and 4-L3. The Fig2 is the compact representation of idea in the form of small cube called “X Phantom Robot Optical Illusion Box is a in hand small unit after operate project Phantom/Aura Robot at designed remote distance/direction/place using complicate different wavelengths/Quantum with mix colors light network. The two major benefits if mankind able to get to design such a robotics (Phantom/Aura) form which look like projected multicolor light spot but in actual Intelligence Robots and work similar like A.I based. The major benefit of this QAI based Phantom Robots several times faster, smarter and can travel in space to explore Universe, Stars, Planets, Exo-Planets, Black Holes, Worm Holes, New Life forms, intelligence life forms and Intelligence Alien lives. Equally possibility in several locations of the Universe already such a kind of Intelligence Light forms already exist and act as Intelligence Alien Civilization hence in such possibility Phantom Robots provide great compatibility and close understanding with them with reaching “Speed of Light”. Second thing as Earth-like planet “Proxima Centauri-B” which is discovered nearest exoplanet orbiting to habitable zone of the red dwarf and has signs and possibility of Exoworld with intelligence life forms. Proxima Centauri-B is on 4.24 (ly) Light Years distance from Earth and need to 63000 Years to be reach there and to communicate with intelligence human-like life-forms exist there, which is further NASA trying to reduce in 200 Years with proposed “Tree of Life” Project and “Cubesat”, but still time-travel can reduce if we able to engineer and transmits “Phantom/Aura Space Robots” to Proxima Centauri-B which travel with or more than “Speed of Light” I used the word more than to design such light which directly disappear and appear in deep space from one to another planets with synching such speed of light with the “Speed of Thoughts”. As our thought in a second reach and touch to Proxima Centauri-B in brain imagination. Such speed converts and implement in “Phantom/Aura Robots” with using Ultra Quantum Artificial Intelligence Engineering. In conclusion want to state that after successful implementation of Phantom Robots for space applications we can sync them with incharge human thoughts to achieve speed of thoughts more than of speed of light.

The concept of “Phantom/Aura Robots” I brought with further enhancement in my last research communication on “Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI)” published last year and discussed how we can engineer, group and gather various lights as single “Intelligence Light” or can say Optical Artificial Intelligence in other words for clear understandings using various LEDs and LASERS Diodes and another light emitting sources. Hence in present research communication I want to boost it on next level with the origin of idea “Phantom/Aura Robotics” and how one can think about it, how can stat its analysis, engineering and modeling for its implementation, therefore I have developed “X of Phantom Robotics Engineering” model as depicted in fig1. The “X” of phantom engineering stated with same as universal intelligence model aspects “Input, Process, Control and Output” but here in virtual light form so strong analysis required to work out on this fresh idea.

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In the present article, an ideal equivalent three Degrees of Freedom (DoF) system of a onebay-bridge (that is supported on elastometallic bearings) that has distributed stiffness and mass along its length is given. From the naturally point of view, the bridge has infinity number of degrees of freedoms, but based on the free vibration study, using partial differential equation, a mathematical ideal Three-Degrees of Freedoms system is obtained, where its ideal mass matrix is analytically written at specific mass locations on the bridge. Thus, using this abovementioned three Degree of Freedom system, the first three fundamental mode-shapes of the real bridge are identifying. Moreover, we consider the 3x3 mass matrix, we can attempt an estimation of the future feasible damages on the bridge, if a known technique for the identification of dynamic characteristics applied. Furthermore, the way of installation of a local network of three uniaxial accelerometers must be compatible with the abovementioned Three-Degrees of Freedom. It is noting worthy, this technique can be applied on bridges, where the sense of concentrated mass is fully absent.

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This paper presents a mini-review on our previous work presented in ref. [1-6] in which the neural networks (NNs) were used for estimating and then detecting the robot’s collisions with the human operator during the cooperation task. This review investigates and compares the designed NN architectures, their application, the resulted mean squared error (MSE) from training, and their effectiveness (%) in detecting the robot’s collisions. This review reveals that the NN is an effective method in estimating and detecting the human-robot collisions.

Keywords; Electrical resistivity; thermal aging; scattering centers; conduction electrons; precipitation process

This work aims to study a new lead-free solder alloy as a substitute for lead-tin alloys in order to solve the problem of protecting human health. The effect of thermal aging on the electrical resistivity of a eutectic Sn-3.5wt%Ag lead-free solder alloy has been investigated. The samples have been aged at the temperature range of 100°C - 160°C. During aging, the precipitation behavior has been followed by the electrical resistivity measurements. The resistivity change of Sn-3.5wt%Ag eutectic alloy rises to a maximum value and then decreases to a constant value at each aging temperature. The maximum value increases as aging temperature increased. The little reduction in resistivity after the maximum value is due to the coalescence and growth of precipitates and then decreasing in the scattering effect to the electrons. Microstructural characterizations using scanning electron microscope (SEM) were conducted to follow in detail the precipitation behavior. The SEM results cleared that the precipitation process increases with increasing thermal aging time and the coarsening of fine precipitates occurs in the samples aged at a long time.

Keywords and phrases: Star Laplace Transform s-step; Laplace Transform; Star Coefficient; Star-System; Equations Matrix

The Laplace transform has many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving differential equations; in this paper we propose a Star-Laplace transform s-step. We give the definition of this Star-Laplace transform s-step of function f(t), t ∈ [0,+∞], some examples and basic properties. We also give the form of its inverse by using the theory of the Laplace Transform.

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With the mounting demand for oil and gas worldwide, the maintenance of repaired pipelines has posed great importance in recent decades, in which composite materials have eased the way to rehabilitate corroded specimens. This study aims to investigate the failure probability of pipes suffering from internal corrosion repaired by fiber-reinforced composite materials which undergo internal pressure as well as temperature gradient, employing the Monte Carlo method, along with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient signifying the role of input parameters in the level of failure probability. 

Keywords: Regioanalism; Modern Regionalism; Modern Hospital; Culture; Tradition, Society

The present article examines the link between modern regionalism and modern hospitals, and states that addressing community culture in architecture is increasingly debated. The contemporary period has brought about extensive changes in most fields, including architectural theories, has put forward diverse and numerous points of view, and in some cases has led to the emergence of new approaches regarding ancient and rooted thoughts. Hence, it is suggested that a relationship is established between the building and human beings, which makes the environment and space better understood by human beings, and a kind of emotional connection is established between the two. Therefore, attention to the new regionalism that is the subject of this article is examined and according to the progress of science and technology, its relationship with medical centers, including hospitals its relationship with medical centers, including hospitals, is examined.

Keywords: gyroscope theory; spinning disc property; inertial torque

The main property of gyroscopic devices is maintaining the axis of a spinning rotor in space. All gyroscopes manifest the action of the inertial torques and motions which mathematical models based on the principle of the mechanical energy conservation. New studies show the external force to the spinning rotor generates the net of the interrelated inertial torques acting around axes of its rotation. The four centrifugal, two Coriolis torques and two torques of the change in the angular momentum are looped around two axes and express the resistance and precession torques of the spinning rotor. Blocking of the gyroscope precessed motion leads to the vanishing of inertial torques around two axes except the precessed torque-generated by the center mass of the spinning rotor. The vanish of inertial torques of the running gyroscope is not well described in known publications that needs clarification. This paper represents the detailed explanation of the physics of the vanish of inertial torques for the case of the blocking of gyroscopic precessed motion.

Keywords: Preventive Medicine; Milk protein; Nutrition proteins; Health informatics; Medication management; HPLC

The nutrition value of milks is commonly evaluated by determining the total amount of nitrogen, amino acids, and proteins. Because of all these methods only base on the determination of a single parameter, lacking high selectivity, a lot of problems have been met. The presentation reports a highly selective method for the quality control of bovine milk by determining the relative amount of five proteins in milks by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The fingerprint of main nutrition proteins comprising of five regions of bovine milk is firstly established and then it is characterized by a so-called as “characterization curve of nutrition protein, CCNP” which is drawn basing on the relative amount of the peak area of the five group proteins. Any significant changes in the profile of the CCNP qualitatively indicates the existence of some additives in milk, while the magnitude of the deviation from the standard CCNP is the measurement of the changes in the content of each nutrition proteins in milks. With separately adding eve’s milk, soybean milk, and water into a bovine milk, these additives could be quantitatively determined with the RSD below 5% by the presented method.

What is the solution?
1.    If the driver's seat is on the left side, if you look in the mirror on the immediate left side, you can see people getting on, off, and falling, as well as oncoming vehicles and pedestrians at the same time. If any passenger falls from the vehicle, the vehicle can be stopped immediately.
2.    There is no need to turn the head to the left side so that time can be obtained. The danger due to it can also be avoided.
3.    When passing another vehicle on the right side, the driver's seat is on the left side so that the sides of the vehicle on the left side can be clearly seen.
4.    When a driver driving a vehicle sitting on the left side on the roads allowing travel in both directions tries to overtake another vehicle on the right side, when a vehicle suddenly comes from the opposite direction, the driver's action is according to the reflex action, so the vehicle on the left side is likely to be in danger, so the vehicle is kept to the left side only with great care.
When overtaking another vehicle on the right side, if the driver's seat is on the left side, the sides of the vehicle on the immediate left can be clearly seen.
5.    The life of the driver sitting on the left side of the vehicle is not safe if the vehicle hits the vehicle in front from the rear or side while overtaking another vehicle on the right side of the one way roads. Be very careful and force the other vehicle to pass as your life may be in danger.
6.    A driver driving a vehicle sitting on the left side will have to maintain a greater distance from the vehicle in front to see the position of the vehicle coming from the opposite side to overtake the vehicle in front. This reduces the risk of hitting the rear of the vehicle in front.
A driver sitting on the left side of the vehicle is more likely to have an accident while the vehicle moves to the left side to avoid an accident. The driver will realize that his life is in danger if he hits the one immediately to his left. This will prompt the driver to drive cautiously.
The accident which caused the death of 9 people in Vadakancheri took place on a one-way road. It can be seen that the vehicle that caused the accident hit from the rear and right side of the vehicle in front. . Had the driver's seat been on the left side, such an accident would never have happened. The driver himself tried to save the life of the driver. The driver was not seriously injured.
7.    If the driver gets out of the left side driver's seat by opening the door, such accidents will be avoided as the two-wheeler coming behind will not be affected.
8.    Driver's position in vehicles should be on the left side of the vehicle if pedestrians are also walking on the right side.
In right-hand driving, the advantage is that the driver sits on the right side
1.    Pedestrians can be made to walk on the left side as pedestrians have a natural tendency to walk on the left side in right-hand driving. It is also possible to back off to the left side as per the reflex action when any vehicle is approaching.
It is said that pedestrians should walk on the right side of the road in order to see the vehicles coming from the opposite side.
2.    If you want to overtake the vehicle while driving on the right side, you should keep more distance from the vehicle in front.
As the driver has an innate tendency to veer to the left side while driving on the right side
On one-way roads, when the driver tries to pass the vehicle in front of him on the left side, the driver's action is based on the reflex action, so the risk of accident is high for the driver.
This defect cannot be avoided as passengers should be prioritized over the driver. A driver who has experienced the risk of an accident many times will be more cautious.
3.    If the driver gets down from the right side driver's seat by opening the door, such accidents will be avoided as it will not affect the two-wheeler coming behind.
4.    When stopping a two-wheeler while driving on the right side, the vehicle does not lean towards the footpath as the left foot sticks. This will make it more convenient for pedestrians to walk.
If the driver's seat is on the right side of the vehicle then it should be right side driving and the door of the vehicle should be on the right side.
Why walk on the left side?
Indians generally have a tendency to walk on the left side. A soldier starts his march on the left foot. When one stands to attack another, stand with the left leg crossed. The left side is always defensive and retreating.
While walking along the footpath, you can see that most of the people walk on the left side to pass the person coming from the opposite side.
A person or a group of people walking in the middle of the road on a road with few vehicles has been observed to move to the left side of the road when they hear the bell of a bicycle behind them.
Those standing beyond the halfway mark have also been seen shifting to the left side of the road.
A cyclist should hit the ground first with the left foot.
It is wrong to suggest walking on the right side when there is a natural tendency to walk on the left side. Therefore, it is essential that pedestrians walk on the left side, vehicles drive on the right side, and the driver's seat is on the right side of the vehicle.
The need for uniform traffic rules all over the world
Today, many countries have different traffic laws and practices. In some countries you drive on the right side while in some countries you drive on the left side. Similarly there are vehicles with driver's seat on left side and right side.
Because of this, many people do not like to drive for fear of getting into trouble when going to countries that are against the ways they are used to. Many people are not used to driving against a traffic pattern in another country.
Many people travel and work in different countries with different traffic laws on the same day. Different road traffic rules cause various doubts in the mind.
Many existing traffic laws are against the reflex action that comes from our unconscious mind.
Most drivers cannot concentrate on driving full time. Many people think about many other things while driving. Most of the time driving is by reflex action.
When danger occurs, the mind often simultaneously reacts in favor of reflex action but against traffic law. This causes various types of accidents.
If the traffic rules are the same around the world based on reflex action, accidents will be reduced for those who cannot concentrate on driving full time.
It is very important to enforce the same traffic rules all over the world.
Keywords: pedestrians; right hand driving; safety; drivers seat; accident

An anomaly of the current right-hand driver's position
1.    It is difficult for the driver sitting on the right side of the vehicle to accurately know the position of the vehicle passing on his left side and the pedestrian passenger.
It is common for pedestrians to be struck by vehicles because the left front of the vehicle, including the driver's seat, cannot be seen clearly enough.
2.    Presently the driver's seat is on the right side and the bus door is on the left side. The driver sitting on the right side has to turn his head to the left side to look at the mirror sitting on the left side to see the people getting on and off on the left side.
When the head is turned to the left, it is impossible to see the vehicles coming from the right behind and the opposite direction in front. Similarly, when the head is turned from the left side to the right side, it is not possible to see what is happening on the left side of the vehicle.
Buses do not have doors in most places in India. Do not close the doors. Due to this, a large number of passengers are seriously injured and die every year due to falling from the vehicle, people getting out of the vehicle after the vehicle starts moving, and getting into the vehicle.
3.    Take time to turn the head to the left and back to the right to look at the mirror on the left.
This makes it impossible to look in the left side mirror and pay attention to the oncoming vehicle in front at the same time. This causes danger.
4.    When overtaking another vehicle on the right side, the overtaking driver's seat is on the right side and cannot see the sides of the vehicle on the left.
5.    When a driver driving a vehicle sitting on the right side on the roads that allows travel in both directions tries to pass another vehicle on the right side, when a vehicle suddenly comes from the opposite direction, the driver's action is based on reflex action, without the ability to pay attention to the vehicle on the left side, the driver keeps the vehicle to the left side to save his life
6.    When overtaking another vehicle on the right side of one-way roads, even if the vehicle hits the vehicle in front from the rear or side, the life of the driver sitting on the right side is safe. This makes many drivers arrogant.
This is what happened in the accident that resulted in the immediate death of 9 people in Vadakancherry.
The accident took place in Vadakancherry on one way. It can be seen that the vehicle that caused the accident hit from the rear and right side of the vehicle in front.
7.    It is comparatively difficult to get out from the right side driver's seat to the left side when the vehicle is stopped, so the driver opens the right side door and gets out to the right side. When the door is opened in this way, there are many incidents of death due to being hit by the following two-wheeler.
The main reason for the sudden death of 9 people in Vadakancherry. Driving on the left side is the driver's seat on the right side.
8.    Pedestrians should be given more priority on the road.
In India, vehicles stop and park on the left. Two-wheeler drivers put their left foot on the ground and stop the vehicle by tilting it to the left side. This also causes more inconvenience and danger to the pedestrians walking on the right side.
If the two-wheelers passing by on the left side lean to the right side to avoid causing inconvenience to the pedestrians, the danger to the two-wheeler will increase. If one tilts to the right side and stops the vehicle, the balance will go. The other will go through the leg of the person driving the two-wheeler stopped in front and the wheel of the vehicle of the motorist coming from behind will go up.

Keywords: Photonic Crystal fiber (PCF); Macro-bending Loss; Effective index method (EIM)

This paper highlights the losses arising from bending that plays a vital role in long-term communication purposes. To get better transmission it is very essential to control the losses. Losses arising from bending of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) can also be controlled by altering the structural parameter (d/? and ?) that regulates the photonic crystal fiber structure. Different materials (viz. crown and phosphate) based PCF with lower bending losses has been reported by exploring the whole communication band (0.2-2µm) with variable structural parameters and bending radii. During bending of a fiber, evanescent field energy drives light towards cladding and a subsequent attenuation in the guidance of light energy occurs, which generates losses and can be controlled by altering the structural parameters in the PCF. Therefore, failure in total internal reflection is the major contribution towards these losses. In this study, a very low bending loss ~ 0.11 dB/km and ~0.08 dB/km have been observed for crown and phosphate based PCF. Also, an interesting phenomenon has been observed during the study that with increase in ? for constant d/?, losses are found to increase up to the λ ~1.2µm and then started decreasing with increase in ? which can be useful for the experimentalist during fabrication. Although this work can provide a valuable approach to the engineers to develop a newer kind of PCF model that can lower losses with respective change in material domain.

Keywords: open channel hydraulics; side weir; discharge coefficient; rectangular side weir

More than eighty years ago, De-Marchi indicated an assumption for hydraulics of flow-through side weir. Many researchers who study side weir depended on this assumption in their studies. Many studies for side weir were carried out in different channels, and numerical studies supported the results. This study deal with a comprehensive review of discharge coefficient for side weir.

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Wireless communication evolution from 1G to 6G, evolution of technology based on demand of the customer requirement. The continuous requirement increases the demand on technology. 6 G is the successor of 5 G technology. Sixth-generation (6G) operates the frequency of THz. Terahertz waves (THz), which are sub millimeter waves sitting between microwave and infrared light on the electromagnetic spectrum, have been used to achieve data rates greater than 100 Gbps It incorporate varies technologies machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. 6G communication support, 3 D media technology optical wireless communication (OWC), 3D networking, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and wireless power transfer and also support Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). 6G will support technology like automated cars and smart-home networks, helping create seamless connectivity between the internet and everyday life. In development for 2030, 6G will support advancements in technology, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), metaverse, and artificial intelligence (AI). China successfully launched the world's first 6G satellite. The satellite uses Terahertz waves that could send data at speeds several times faster than 5G. 12 other Earth-observing satellites were aboard the rocket. The new era start with reality connecting with surface rather than devices. 6 G will become first network which are connected all the three system (space, earth and aerial) in a line.

Keywords: Rehabilitation; COVID-19; SpO₂; Monitoring; Oximetry

Implementation of a pulse oximeter with measurement of altitude, heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO₂) with bluetooth communication, in the need of real-time as well as remote monitoring by the therapist with the purpose of avoiding the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. With the use of bluetooth technology, the data is transmitted in real-time to a mobile phone through an application in the Android operating system, a medical history record is generated using the MIT App Inventor platform, likewise an audible alarm is activated in case the saturation level is out of range, taking into consideration the variation in oxygen saturation depending on the altitude where measurement is taken.

Keywords: Analog Signal; Arduino UNO; Digital Signal; ESP8266; Internet of Things (IoT); Infrared Sensor (IR); Light Emitting Diode (LED); NodeMCU; Object Detection; Signal; Ultrasonic Sensors

Sensors which are connected to IoT board send data to either a local network or the Internet. The Internet of Things is the accretion of connected sensors. It is assumed that in the year 2025 approximately 75.44 billion devices are connected to the Internet of Things. In IoT greatest number of devices will be small sensors that send information about what they are sensing. Here we are going to design how an infrared sensor works with ESP8266 NodeMCU board and also implement these sensors to select object and measure the distance of the object by using ultrasonic sensor. These sensors provides both digital and analog output. Here we are performing only digital output which will be directly connected to a NodeMCU with Arduino platform to read the sensor output. Infrared sensor is used for object detection and Ultrasonic sensor is used for distance measurement.

Keywords: Natural Resources; Revenue sharing; Livelihoods; Sustainable Development; Investment

Most of communities depend on natural resources such as forests, land, and water for their livelihoods. Nature is the source of human health due to daily needs from ecosystem goods and services. From the relationship existing in ecological and economic systems, the aspects like improved living standards of people, livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and human wellbeing require a multi-disciplinary collaboration between communities and stakeholders to find a good approach that integrates biodiversity conservation and human wellbeing. We are interested to know the status of community based conservation projects in the tropical region and bring the scientific contribution referring to the findings. We reviewed existing documentation on community conservation and compiled the similarities of conservation practices that involve local communities. We did a comparative study in some countries that are located in tropical region. The data show that in all mentioned countries, there is a will to integrate biodiversity conservation and community development but there is a need to improve the policies and regulations and increase the investment in community development projects. We also detected the issue of lack of conservation professionals in the decision making and this causes the reluctance in implementing community conservation projects in some countries in the tropical region. The assessment of the contribution of community conservation projects on improved livelihoods, and sustainable biodiversity conservation in and around the protected areas will help to improve community conservation. There is a need to assess the perceptions of local community towards co-management in biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem services in and around the protected areas in tropical regions.

Keywords: Metamaterial; absorber; stealth; aircrafts; surveillance

This paper suggests a Ku band metamaterial absorber simulation using CST Microwave Studio Software at a frequency ranging from 12-18 GHz [2]. The work proposes a design which has a square based ground Metamaterial Absorber (MA). The overall measurement of the unit cell assembly is 5* 5 mm^2. This assembly covers the Ku band which gives a wideband of absorption [1]. The optimization of structure is achieved at 13.3 GHz and 14.9 GHz respectively. The designed metamaterial absorber serves in stealth technologies. The major applications also include airborne surveillance and military protection.

Keywords: Computational Path Delay; Latency; Vedic Multiplier; Vivado; Speed

We live in a technologically advanced society. The use of diverse electronic gadgets is interwoven with even the most fundamental aspects of our daily lives. They increase and smoothen the pace of our life. The multiplier component controls the speed of most electronic systems with high-speed applications that employ the IEEE 754-2008 standard for single-precision FPUs. Several existing methods have been included to enhance the multiplier's speed of operation. They have, however, not demonstrated a substantial difference in speed, raising it by a maximum of 1.182 times.

As a result, we presented "Vedic Design," a novel algorithm with a distinctive architecture. When this was simulated in Vivado, it improved the multiplier's speed by 3.4478 times, resulting in a multiplier that is nearly 3.5 times more efficient. The gadget is better equipped to function as a result of the reduced computational path latency.

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     Confined Quantum Field Theory is the extension of the moral of the special and general relativity into the quantum domain. Thereby each quantum object is represented by a bounded and connected manifold with a metric as the function of its energy and topology representing type of particle. This gives any quantum object well-defined size and position. This simple and basic statement bring us beyond uncertainty and paradox in the quantum theory and make it much stronger instrument to solve many fundamental problem in many domain in physics. Here I just give some example to demonstrate how this theory works. Take for example emission of photon by accelerating electron. Since both electron and photon is bounded connected manifold and are not probable points and photon is a sub-manifold of electron in the beginning of the emission both manifolds have overlaps and this take a short time before the separation. Therefore energy conservation is valid all the time and here we have no time-energy uncertainty. The cases that show superiority of this theory are numerous. I recommend the book “Confined Quantum Field Theory” second edition.

Keywords: Design Research; Philosophy; Prosperity; Well-being; Life

Design by research is a design methodology within the context of subject(s) for a defined group. Descriptive research performs in the context of qualitative research. Philosophy, behavioural sciences, sociology, economics, and other scientific fields contribute to the design domain. The design ability can potentially change our behaviour and initiations in the social and economic context. Design activities must be forward-looking so that design energy can harness humanity's necessary progress. In the context of the elderly, the vital energy of the elderly will stimulate their valuable knowledge, skills and experience for social and economic development. This positive practice brings satisfaction and happiness to the elderly. It benefits society that expects the elderly to enjoy life by spending their money, but often without acquiring knowledge. According to the philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, changes are necessary for life. A life with initiative leads to the collective growth of the personality. This needed energy comes to us from the universe, which opens up our 'Self' and leads to changes in design thinking in the design domain. Discover perspective in design by looking at the design methods that form an umbrella for the design domain. A holistic approach to design will stick to the context of the design, and the need will change through human thinking and action. All design entities will consider the need for humanity and present it during the design process. Philosophy and research into the phenomenon of design can lead to new insights into how life changes through design. The design has intrinsic energy to transform ideas into material and spiritual prosperity and well-being. Design Research is concerned with design by research and how it may apply by designers from two different cultures of the world but with a convergence.

After identifying the central idea of Nano [1], as "the power of mind over matter", was to characterize with these elements of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics concepts such as conscience of a particle, due action to a force of the field, the field itself, seen as an intention [2, 3] and to unite the synergistic action of many particles acting together to create an organized transformation on matter.F.1

     These are the first elements considered to create a mathematical theory of nanotechnology [1] at the advanced level of field theory, which could be achieved in the coming years. Although the latter is mentioned in a first tribute to me [4], this theory is now reality (figures 1).

     While we carry out some interesting research in nanomedicine [5], and nanomaterials [6, 7], being part of the technological developments realized around of the mathematical theory of nanotechnology that are being and have been realized and published in many references.

     This study consider the causal structure of the scattering phenomena through past and future light cones, create the possibility of energy for one thousand years, perpetual motion machines and star-gates (worm holes in the space) with advanced analogues as the synchrotronic propulsion (advanced spaceships) and disintegrative mass weapons, using the same principles in all case.

     During many years developing many ideas around the electromagnetic propulsion as a source of take-off and movement, including landing, of advanced magnetic levitation vehicles. In the year 2010, [8] starts a research sub-program of his research program, dedicated to the development of advanced vehicles by electromagnetic propulsion.

     Several papers are published in more than 20 different journals and book chapters on quantum mechanics and superconductivity [9, 10] for the purpose of proving a consistent theory for the creation of these advanced vehicles and reinforces in that sense, taking advantage of his position as editor-in-chief of the journal on photonics and spintronics, with works by other researchers related to the study of supercinductivity, Majorana fermions, and other related topics (figure 2 and figure 3). F.2

     Just as electromagnetic fields are caused by a charge and gravitational fields are caused by weight (mass and force), any rotating objects create torsion fields.

     Torsion fields can interact with laser beams (change frequency); creating effects of diverse nature, for example, in the biological processes, where torsion affect directly the ADN. Also can melting or solidifying some materials, affect quartz crystals increasing their properties as resonators. Also affect some electronic components creating radiation coverings. The torsion can favourably change some beverages, and have been noted to affects gravity. F.3

     According to this theory, every substance has its own "chronal charge" defined by the quantity of "chronal" particles which were named "chronons". In [13] was supposed that while the object is spinning, "chronons" are interacting with other "chronons" that surround this object and therefore the weight of the object changes. According to A.I. Veinik's theory, "chronons" generate the so called "chronal" field. A.I. Veinik found experimentally that strong "chronal" fields can be generated by spinning masses. In [14] explained through schemes of coverings and measured some properties of "chronal" fields and found that two types of "chronons" exist ("plus" and "minus" chronons). It is important to emphasize that can be concluded that the sign of the "chronon" depended on orientation of their spin. Some of these facts could explain the hyperbolicity of the space and their law of the minimal action and geometrical trajectories “braquistrocrona curve” satisfying this law of minimal action, and consigned in the inertial law inside the Einstein equations with expansion reflected into the Christoffel symbols considered in the gravitation equations.

     The spinning space can be consigned in a smooth space (as the apparent uniformity of the space-time in the ground) when the energy fluxes of the spins derive in neutrinos and these full all space of energy. The problem with the manage of the chronogeometry with this particles is the definition of the synchronicity that is required to some process to quantum level to create some process and their integration inside synergic action or “organized transformations” to obtain the reality of the space-time [2].

     Actually, and with research groups that I direct, we are considering the torsion [15, 16] as principal effect to generate propulsion in an advanced model of ship, considering the way through electromagnetic plasma [17] (figure 4 A).

     Likewise through of a caption and detection camera, is measured the electromagnetic properties of the ionic flow of the space _~II_e (ρ, u), derived from the electromagnetic plasma _~II_H, and is proposed an ionic propeller considering the pressure gradients due to electrons and ions concentrated in a little region of the shock waves produced with an electric field. Also is used mean curvature energy [18, 19] to measure and control the ionic flow. Then researches are in this step (figure 4 B). F.4

     We must to create or invent new mathematics to describe a complete quantum mechanics based in the synchronicity; a synchronic quantum mechanics, which is there in the causal structure of the Universe but in a more deep level. All these are theories developed around field theory to define the intentionality of a field and apply it in nanotechnology, on matter.

     Studies in condensed matter and MHD, also have been incorporated. The only one energy to all ship (even to nanomedicine process) must come from the reactor of electromagnetic plasma.

References

1. F Bulnes. Mathematical Nanotechnology, Generis Publishing, Slovenia (2021).
2. Bulnes F. “Mathematical Nanotechnology: Quantum Field Intentionality”. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 1 (2013): 25-44.
3. Francisco Bulnes. “Quantum Intentionality and Determination of Realities in the Space-Time Through Path Integrals and Their Integral Transforms”. Advances in Quantum Mechanics, Prof. Paul Bracken (Ed.), InTech (2013).
4. Helen Thrift, Yuri Stropovsvky and Francisco Bulnes (Honored). “A Mathematician’s Search for Technologies of Understanding the Universe”. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, New Castle, United Kingdom (2020).
5. F. Bulnes., et al. “Quantum Developments in Nanomedicine: Nanocurative Actions by Soft Photons Sources and their Path Integrals”. Open Central Press, United Kingdom (2015).
6. F Bulnes, Y Stropovsvky and V Yermishkin. "Quasi-Relaxation Transforms, Meromorphic Curves and Hereditary Integrals of the Stress-Deformation Tensor to Metallic Specimens". Modern Mechanical Engineering 2.3 (2012): 92-105.
7. F Bulnes, V Yermishkin and E Toledano. “Constitutive Equations of the Stress-Strain Tensor for a Metal Speci- men Rehearsal in Quasi-Relaxation Regime and Their Generalized Functional of Energy”. Proceedings of the 2nd CIMM, Vol. III, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota (2009).
8. F Bulnes, E Hernández and J Maya. Volume 7: Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Thermal Systems, Parts A and B, ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (2010).
9. F Bulnes, J Maya and I Martínez. "Design and Development of Impeller Synergic Systems of Electromagnetic Type to Levitation/Suspension Flight of Symmetrical Bodies". Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 4.1 (2012): 42-52.
10. F Bulnes and A Álvarez. "Homological Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Demonstrations on the Existence of Superconducting Effects Necessaries to Magnetic Levitation/Suspension". Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 5.6 (2013): 255-263.
11. Francisco Bulnes. “A Lie-QED-Algebra and their Fermionic Fock Space in the Superconducting Phenomena, Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics”. Prof. Mohammad Reza Pahlavani (Ed.), InTech (2015).
12. F Bulnes. An electromagnetic ship designed by Lie-QED and their fermionic fock space principles in superconducting to the future flights, 4th International Conference and Exhibition on Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Orlando, USA (2016).
13. Veinik AI. Thermodynamics of Real Process, Minsk (1991) (In Russian).
14. Ramirez M., et al. “Field Ramifications: The Energy-Vacuum Interaction that Produces Movement”. Journal on Photonics and Spintronics 2.4 (2013): 4-11.
15. Francisco Bulnes., et al. “Detector of Torsion as Field Observable and Applications”. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 8.4 (2020): 108-115.
16. Francisco Bulnes. “Deep Study of the Universe through Torsion, Cambridge Scholars Press”. United Kingdom (2022).
17. Francisco Bulnes., et al. “Electromagnetic plasma reactor: Implicit application of field torsion I”. Int J Electron Microcircuits 1.1 (2021): 30-35.
18. F Bulnes, I Martínez and O Zamudio. “Fine Curvature Measurements through Curvature Energy and their Gauging and Sensoring in the Space”. Book of Sensors and Applications in Measuring and Automation Control Systems (Advances in Sensors: Reviews, (Ed.) Sergey Y. Yurish, IFSA Publishimg, Barcelona, Spain 4.20 (2017).
19. F Bulnes., et al. “Electronic Sensor Prototype to Detect and Measure Curvature Through Their Curvature Energy”. Science Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 4.5 (2015): 41-54.
20. Francisco Bulnes., et al. “Electromagnetic plasma reactor: Implicit application of field torsion I”. Int J Electron Microcircuits Accepted (2022).

The central idea of Lagrangian dynamics is to study the movement of particles, even in continuous media, and the causes that originate this movement, which brings an intrinsic transformation of space due to energy. Not so the physical entities, which must be invariant under the choice of transformations of coordinate systems.

Keywords: Face Recognition; Face Detection; Security; Authentication

ML has grown in popularity over the previous decade as a result of strong computers that can process large amounts of data in a reasonable length of time. A well-known problem in Machine Learning is the Dog breed classifier. The issue is determining a dog’s breed. The input can be a dog or a human image, and the proposed algorithm should be able to forecast the dog’s breed or, if the human is a dog, which breeds it belongs to. For human face detection, OpenCV is utilised, while for dog face detection, the VGG16 model is employed. With the ResNet101 architecture, a convolutional neural network is utilized for classification. On test data, the final model had an accuracy of 81 percent.

Keywords: advanced optimization techniques; algorithm-specific parameters; Jaya algorithm; Rao algorithm; teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm

The performance, utilization, reliability, and cost of the system are all improved when optimization techniques are used to solve engineering problems. Researchers have used a number of traditional optimization techniques like geometric programming, nonlinear programming, sequential programming, dynamic programming, etc to solve these problems. Traditional optimization techniques have been effective in many real-world problems, but they have some drawbacks that are primarily caused by the search algorithms they have built into them. The researchers have developed a number of advanced optimization algorithms commonly referred to as metaheuristics, to overcome the limitations of traditional optimization techniques. All of the probabilistic evolutionary and swarm intelligence-based algorithms used to solve optimization problems require common control parameters like population size, generational number, elite size, etc. along with these need their own algorithm-specific control parameters. The effectiveness of these algorithms is significantly influenced by the proper tuning of the algorithm-specific parameters. When tuning algorithm-specific parameters incorrectly, the result is either an increase in computational effort or the local optimal solution. This article presents a review of the application of algorithm-specific parameterless algorithms in electrical engineering applications. This article is expected to play a major role in guiding research scholars in the application of advanced intelligent optimization techniques.

Keywords: Digital model; teaching identity; professionalism; transforming school

To transform education, it is necessary to innovate in knowledge, identity, and teaching practice; that is why the teacher must conceive his pedagogical practice as a way to strengthen his professional identity and exercise his teaching work following trends and challenges of education, showing good preparation, developing research, using technology and reflecting on their teaching practice. In order to improve the development of teacher professionalism and identity (DPID), the sustainable digital model of a transforming school was applied, the design was pre-experimental of an explanatory type, a questionnaire was applied to 31 teachers from a school in Peru, taking into account the dimensions of teacher performance established in the Good Teacher Performance Framework (MBDD), the dimension where there was the greatest problem was chosen. By applying the model, it was possible to reverse the identified problem, increasing the high level to 67.74%.

Keywords: Analytical Hierarchy Process; Profile Matching; Linear Interpolation; Dean’s List

Determining the best dean's list is one of the steps to motivate students to complete their studies at a tertiary institution. However, the process of determining the best candidate dean's list is not an easy thing to make decisions consistently and transparently. So, in this study we combined the AHP and Profile Matching Method, as well as a linear interpolation model with criteria grade point averages (GPA) obtained, subjects taken and criteria repeated subjects. This study aims to provide specific knowledge about how to combination of the AHP-Profile Matching method and the linear interpolation model in building the best Dean's List decision support system. Where the two methods work together to determine the best dean's list according to their respective rules, namely the AHP method to calculate priority levels and criteria consistency values, while the Profile Matching method, to match data values with target data, determine the weight of competency GAP values, calculate the ranking value of each candidate with a priority level value obtained from the results of the calculation by AHP method, and calculating the mapping weight value in decimal form can use the linear interpolation model which will be used as the weight of the competency GAP value. The results showed that the two methods were successfully combined and were able to determine the consistency ratio for each criterion rating scale of 0,030, and were able to determine the best dean's list of 52 candidates, with the highest ranking value of 5,388.

After the Sumerians, people learned to write on clay board. This when people came with the idea of abacus using the wood and clay board. This board is divided into columns with order of base 60 number system. They used different shaped and sized objects in those columns for calculations. The order use to be 1’s, 10’s, 60’s, 600’s, and 3600’s and placing tokens and removing does the addition and subtraction.

After this came modern abacus, as people are used to count with fingers, and we can do this to count till 10. So, to count more than 10 we need more fingers or any object. This made to implement the abacus with base ten i.e., 1’s, 10’s, 100’s, 1000’s…… etc.

Now, the era of computers came and all we have is just electricity to communicate with these electronic devices. So, like morse code dots and dashes to decode alphabets for communicating with people. We have on and off switch to communicate with computer. As calculations are an integral part of computing which is a core functionality of computers, we need to build everything around this as part of communication. This made us to choose the reliable calculation option of 10 finger option of base 10 and reducing it to base 2 to accommodate the 2 level on and off switch functionality. The base 2 binary code has 0’s and 1’s filling the 2⁰, 2¹, 2², …. etc.

Computers

A computer can store and process data. Most computers use binary code, which uses two variables, 0 and 1, to complete storing data and calculations. Throughout history many prototypes have been developed leading to the modern-day computer. During World War II, physicist John Mauchly, engineer J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and their colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania designed the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). Programming languages, such as C, C++, JavaScript and Python, work using many forms of programming patterns. Programming, which uses mathematical functions to give outputs based on data input, is one of the regular ways to provide instructions for a computer.

Binary Code and Transistors

Computers are made using transistors and they operate based on electricity flow. The binary code is just representation of whether transistor is conducting or not. A simple addition operation using transistors:

Let’s see we want to do 1+1=2, take two transistors allow voltage to flow(transfer) from we get the 2 times the voltage.

if we want 0+1=1, same two transistors but make one resist the voltage allowing only voltage we get just 1 time the voltage.

The bigger the number and operation, the more transistors required in computers for computing.

The modern-day computers make computing so easy. But the computing existed for about 4000 years. It was during the bronze age when Sumer developed and rose to prominence being first urban civilization.

 Their Harvests and flocks were not large enough, so to keep track of their livestock and crops using a notch on tally sticks. They used one bigger notch representing ‘10’ and one smaller notch representing ‘1’. They performed calculations by stacking those notches together.

References

1. https://www.circuitstoday.com/optoelectronic-devices
2. Amin S, Elnaz I and Mohammad M. “Efficient attosecond pulse generation from WS2 semiconductor by tailoring the driving laser pulse”. Optics Communications 516 (2022): 128226.
3. Kumbhakar P, Gowda CC and Tiwary CS. “Advance Optical Properties and Emerging Applications of 2D Materials”. Front. Mater (2021).
4. Chen, X., et al. “Multifunctional optoelectronic device based on graphene-coupled silicon photonic crystal cavities”. Optics Express (2021).

Optoelectronics devices are components based on the interaction of light-within different spectral region- with electronics devise. Laser diodes, light emitting diodes LEDs, photodetectors, image sensor, electro optic modulators, opto isolators, phototubes, image intensifiers and photonics integrated circuits are examples of optoelectronics devices. However, these devices are widely used in different applications such as laser technology, optical fiber communications and optical metrology; and the rapid developments in these applications has promoted a demand for high speed or fast response components. For some, the fast response means fast response in communication networks. For others, it refers to high speed imaging which leads the scientists to develop high speed camera with low light and ultra-fast capture without blur. Nevertheless, fast response for many researchers means generating laser light in the attosecond regime, which was easily achieved by [2] and the best is yet to come. Most common way to improve the performance of optoelectronics devices is by using suitable and efficient materials for fabricating these devices. The optoelectronics devices are mainly based on semiconductors materials. However, 2D materials showed an outstanding optical characteristic and performance for fabricating photovoltaic cells, optical fibers, quantum computing, sensing and security [3]. Besides, the 2D materials addressed some challenges for example obtaining high efficiency and speed, lower power consumption and carbon foot print. Recent developments in 2D materials in combining these materials with other structures, yield new tunable ban structure and ultra-high nonlinear coefficiency, ultra-fast carrier mobility. As a consequence, these 2D materials such as black phosphorous BP, graphene and Transition Metal Dihalcogenides TMDs were efficiently utilized in bio-sensing, laser sources, optical communication and photodetector applications [4]. As results, the 2D materials are considered a promising candidates for fabricating an ultra-fast optoelectronics component.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are paying attention not only in the industry but also in the sector like academia because of their enormous application potential and exclusive safety challenges. Wireless sensor networks have been used for many applications, from ecological monitoring to logistic, tracking etc. In addition, wireless sensor networks can be used in appliances such as wellbeing monitoring and control, environment and terrestrial monitoring, biomedical health monitoring, home automation, travel control, natural disaster relief and seismic sensing etc. WSN technology made a huge and rapid progress in the early 1990s. The latest stage of WSN development lasts 15% till present. With the rapid development of computing, micro-elecrtro mechanical system (MEMS) and other technologies, the sensors are becoming smaller in size and cheaper in price. These advancements provided WSN the opportunities for commercial use in many areas. Companies like Memsic and Crossbow Technology begin to produce wireless motes, sensors and software support. The standardization of protocols also becomes more and more matured. The standards like ZigBee (802.15.4) and 6LoWPAN are built and commonly used in WSN communications. An integration of WSN technology with MEMS makes the motes with enormously stumpy cost, miniatured size and least power. MEMS are the inertial sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, strain-gage sensors and various piezo and capacitive sensors for proximity. Over the last decade, the technology of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been widely used in many real time applications and these miniaturized sensors can sense, process and communicate. Most wireless sensor nodes are capable of measuring temperature, acceleration, light, illumination, humidity; level of gases and chemical materials in the surrounding environment. Wireless sensor network aims to give co-ordination among the physical conditions and the internet globe.

Keywords: holy Quran text Analysis; Text Mining; Arabic Text Mining; 1N Form; 2Nform; Data Modeling; holy Quran Tafseer text

There is a huge shortage of scientific research in the Arabic language, especially in natural language processing and relationships between Arabic documents and other specific documents. This shortage is also reflected in Arabic Books' introduction, Topics abstraction, and content summary engines. Furthermore, there are some good samples of Arabic words inside the Quran. The Quran is the holy book of Islam, that is divided into chapters (surah) and verses (ayat) of differing lengths and topics. This paper introduces a framework for both specialized researchers in Islamic studies as well as non-specialized researchers to find hidden relationships between one of the most important chapters of the Holy Quran which is Al Fatiha surah and the remaining chapters of the Holy Quran using Hierarchical Technique data modeling as an unsupervised learning technique. a new framework that can access tokens of the Holy Quran in different granule parts such as chapter (sura) part of the chapter (Aya) of the Holy Quran Sura, words, word roots, Aya roots, and Aya meaning in the Arabic language, Moreover, We had developed a lot of statistics related to Fatiha Sura and the holy Quran like (roots distinct for every Sura, Words Redundancy, Roots Redundancy, Matrix report by roots and every sura, Matrix report shows Percentage of roots similarity by every sura and whole Quran distinct roots, etc.). Furthermore, we enhance the search engine results by adding search by roots and Aya meaning for every Sura. And the results for sample queries show accuracy with more than 3% using meaning and roots compared to the text of the Holy Quran only.

Keywords: GeoGebra; Teaching Mathematics; Learning Mathematics; Teachers’ training

The objective of the study is to identify the challenges and difficulties faced by Ecuadorian Teachers in the implementation of GeoGebra as a didactic resource for the teaching and learning of mathematics. The research is framed in a mixed exploratory sequence approach with a population of 832 teachers who were trained by the Ecuadorian Institute of GeoGebra (IEG) at the National University of Education in the period 2017-2020. The sampling was non-random conformed by N=144 teachers, who answered the online questionnaire. The instruments were the 32-item questionnaire grouped into three parts: (1) sociodemographic aspect, (2) difficulties in implementing GeoGebra in the classroom, (3) challenges of implementing GeoGebra rated on a Likert scale, and (4) open-ended questions about the advantages and disadvantages of using GeoGebra in the teaching and learning of mathematics. Quantitative and qualitative data wereanalyzed with SPSS and Atlas.ti. The results show that the difficulties that teachers have faced in the implementation of GeoGebra in the classroom is the digital gap existing in the 21st century through lack of access to technological equipment (87.5%), followed by the lack of training in the use of GeoGebra (79.1%). The advantages of using GeoGebra respond to the potential of using GeoGebra in the teaching and learning of mathematics, which are linked to the dynamic, innovative, interactive and user-friendly tool. The objective of the study is to identify the challenges and difficulties faced by Ecuadorian.

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In essence, this article introduces a digital platform (see Figure 1) that can be located on the Earth’s surface, or anywhere above or below it. It provides a local project “workspace” that can be tied precisely to the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system of an ellipsoid. It is, in nature, like the old Polar Projection, with three differences:

1. It works anywhere on Earth.
2. It works in space (above or below ground), or other celestial bodies.
3. It can hold three-dimensional projects.

References

1. Kruger Hennie, Lynette Drevin and Tjaart Steyn. "A vocabulary test to assess information security awareness". Information Management & Computer Security (2010).
2. Solon Olivia. "Facial recognition database used by FBI is out of control, House committee hears". The Guardian (2017).
3. Silk Robert. "Biometrics: Facial recognition tech coming to an airport near you: Travel Weekly”. Robert Silk (2017).
4. Mahesh PC Senthil, K Sasikala and M Rudra Kumar. "Face Recognition Based Automated Student Attendance System using Deep Learning". International Journal 9.3 (2020).
5. Deagonia M. "Apple’s Face ID[The iPhone X’s facial recognition tech] explained". Computer world 11 (2017).
6. Mohanty Vikram., et al. "Photo sleuth: Combining human expertise and face recognition to identify historical portraits". In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (2019): 547-557.
7. Reichert C. "Intel demos 5G facial- recognition payment technology| ZDNet”. (2017).
8. Pandya Jigar M, Devang Rathod and Jigna J Jadav. "A survey of face recognition approach". International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) 3.1 (2013): 632-635.
9. Gnanambal, S., et al. "Classification algorithms with attribute selection: an evaluation study using WEKA". International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications 9.6 (2018): 3640-3644.

We are living in an automated world where technical advancements are taking place and devices are connected to cyber. There has been a technical evolution in internet of things, image processing, and machine learning. Drastic change in the systems to achieve the accurate results is the trend. Evolution of Technical advancements has led to changes in education system. Considerable advancements have to be done on the Attendance marking in a classroom during a lecture is not only a onerous task but also a time consuming one at that. Proxy attendance(s) has been increased because of increase in the number of students. The traditional methods aren’t efficient way of marking the accurate attendance results, hence an advanced face recognition using the Artificial Intelligence is introduced in this research work. In recent years, the problem of automatic attendance marking has been widely addressed using standard biometrics like fingerprint and Radio frequency Identification tags etc., However, these techniques lack the element of reliability. The attendance system is a typical example of this transition, starting from the traditional signature on a paper sheet to face recognition. This paper proposes a method of developing a comprehensive embedded class attendance system using facial recognition with controlling the door access. In this proposed work an automated attendance marking, and management system is proposed by making use of face detection and recognition algorithms. Instead of using the conventional methods, this proposed system aims to develop an automated system that records the student’s attendance by using facial recognition technology.

Keywords: Advancements; Artificial Intelligence; Biometrics; Convolution Methods; Cyber; Face recognition technology; Machine learning

References

1. Ahaneku IE and Animashaun IM. “Determination of water quality index of river Asa, Ilorin, Nigeria”. Advances in Applied Science Research 4.6 (2013): 277-284.
2. Akhtar N., et al. “Modification of the Water Quality Index (WQI) Process for Simple Calculation Using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Method: A Review”. Water (2021).
3. Animashaun IM., et al. “Receptor Modeling Application on Surface Water Quality and Source Apportionment”. International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences 3.1 (2016): 1-10.
4. Animashaun IM., et al. “Assessment of Water Quality of Bosso Water-Board Using Weighted Arithmetic Index Method”. Proceedings of the Annual Conference (2015).
5. Banda TD and Kumarasamy MA. “Review of the Existing Water Quality Indices (WQIs)”. Journal of Phys. Opt 2 (2020): 1-19.
6. Chauhan A and Singh S. “Evaluation of Ganga water for drinking purpose by water quality index at Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India”. Rep. Opin 2.9 (2010): 53-61.
7. Ejaro SP and Abdullahi U. “Spatiotemporal Analyses of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Suleja Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria”. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 3.9 (2013): 72-83.
8. Ewaid SH and Abed SA. “Water Quality Index for Al-Gharraf River, Southern Iraq”. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 43 (2017): 117-122.
9. Hasan MM., et al. “Water quality indices to assess the spatiotemporal variations of Dhaleshwari river in central Bangladesh”. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 8 (2020): 1-13.
10. Lumb A, Sharma TC and Bibeault JF. "A Review of Genesis and Evolution of Water Quality Index (WQI) and Some Future Directions”. Water Qual. Expo. Health 3 (2011): 11-24.
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12. Majeed SA. “Comparison of Water Quality Indices: Bani-Hassan River as a Case Study”. Journal University of Kerbala 16.1 (2018): 53-65.
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14. Sarkar K and Majumder M. “Application of AHP-Based Water Quality Index for Quality Monitoring of Peri-Urban Watershed”. Environ. Dev. Sustain 23 (2021): 1780-1798.
15. State Bureau of Statistics Facts and Figures on Niger State by Niger State Planning Commission 2011 Edition (2011).
16. Tatawat RK and Singh CP. “A hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Jaipur city”. Environ. Monit. Assess 143.1-3 (2008): 337-343.
17. Todd DK. “Groundwater Hydrology”. second ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York (1980): 535.
18. WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum (2017).

Water quality can be affected by either natural or anthropogenic factors. In this study, Water quality indices of Kofa Dam were determined for drinking and irrigation purposes Water samples were analyzed for the selected physicochemical parameter (pH, Electrical conductivity, Chloride, Total dissolve solids, Salinity, Sulphate, Sodium, Nitrate, Calcium, Temperature, Turbidity and Bicarbonate). The results from the analysis were compared with the drinking and irrigation standards of NSDWQ, FAO and WHO. Also, the results in relation to the standards were used to compute indices for drinking and irrigation purposes using the weighted arithmetic index. The results of the physicochemical parameter from each of the sampling locations of Kofa Dam and the overall score show that the Dam failed the index. Therefore, the water is not suitable for drinking purpose. However, for irrigation purposes, the results of the indices show a need for caution in the usage of water. This suggests that anthropogenic activities such as farming around the Dam and the presence of residential houses which discharge their effluent into the Dam are already becoming a source of threat to the reservoir. Hence, there is a need for regulation of activities around the dam to prevent further deterioration of water.

Keyword: Drinking water; Indices; Irrigation; Kofa Dam; Suleja; Water quality; Nigeria

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Pattern recognition is the categorization and classification of specific patterns based on predefined characteristics from sets of available data. Implementation of many human skills such as face recognition, speech recognition, reading handwritten letters with very high stability to noise and different environmental conditions (like what exists in humans) by machines is one of the problems and issues that have been the focus of researchers in various engineering fields such as artificial intelligence and machine vision in the last few decades. Pattern recognition has many applications in various fields of science, including electrical engineering (medicine, computer and telecommunications), biology, machine vision, economics and psychology. Among the applications, we can mention things such as: recognition of voice, face, handwriting, fingerprint and signature, automatic disease detection from medical data (signal or image), detection of DNA strands, industrial automation and remote sensing. Pattern recognition, in short, deals with the problem of clustering and classification supervised and unsupervised and includes a wide range of statistical classical methods, intelligent algorithms, neural networks and fuzzy logic. In this regard, I recommend the book “Hands-on Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow” by Aurélien Géron, Second Edition.

References

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In this work, hybrid composites were produced from Borassus flabellifer leaf (BFLF) and Kevlar fibers in Epoxy matrix to establish their effect on physical and mechanical properties of the composites. Hand lay-up technique followed by compression was used to produce hybrid composites samples of different combinations of BLFL and Kevlar fiber. The mechanical and physical analyses were done using associated ASTM standards. The Results revealed that 2K10B had the lowest density of 1.023g/cm³, about 22.91% lower compared to neat sample. The 6K6B sample had the preeminent properties; 53.14, 50.5, 14.8 and 48.54% water absorption, TS, flexural and impact strength respectively higher as compared with samples of 100% K while 11.1% and 44.27% less for elongation and elastic modulus respectively.

Keywords: BorassusFlabellifer Leaf Fiber (BFLF); Tensile Strength (TS); Water Absorption; Impact Strength; Flexural; Hybridization

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The study constructed an estimation of the significance of driving factors that influence artificial intelligence (AI) adoption and implementation in the public sector, and accentuated a critical research area that is currently understudied. A theoretical framework, underpinned by the diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory, was developed from a mingle of the technology, organization, and environment (TOE) framework and the human, organisation, and technology (HOT) fit model. The best-worst method was used to scrutinize and rank the identified driving factors according to their weighted averages. The findings of the study pointed to privacy and security; reliability, serviceability and functionality; regulation; interpretability and ease of use; IT infrastructure and data; and ethical issues as the highest ranked driving factors for AI adoption and implementation in government institutions. The study has significant implications for policy makers and practitioners, as it would augment their perspectives on how to adopt and implement AI innovations.

Keywords: privacy and security; innovation; artificial intelligence; government; technology; best-worst method

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With the increasing size and complexity of high-power digital transmitters in the broadcasting network, their fault diagnosis has become cumbersome and time-consuming process. Meanwhile the breakdown transmission is not tolerated. These transmitters located in different parts of the country, are required to provide uninterrupted service round the clock. Sometime they develop faults which are complex in nature and call for services of the transmitter expert. However, the experts may not available all the time, and the fault diagnosis takes long time even for experts using manual techniques, it is highly desirable to provide a computer-based Fault Diagnosis Expert System.

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Requirement engineering has taken the attention in both academic and industries, as today’s software’s expected to fulfil and provide highly customers’ centralize functionality and qualities. Requirement elicitation is the main and major step of any software project development life. It has direct impact on development lifecycle of any software. The incomplete or ambiguous requirement create confusion for the stakeholders. This is the step which leads the project to the success or fulfills the desire of user or it is the step or reason which may leads the project to the downfall. In requirement elicitation process there are many factors which effects on requirement elicitation. In this paper we are proposing the impact of Organizational factors on requirement engineering. Stakeholder needs include an initial, but continuous and critical phase in program development. This section of development is characterized by a high degree of error, influencing important factors based on communication problems. Software development is considered as a powerful process in which the needs of change seem to exist inevitable. Software updates are encouraged by all types of changes including changes in requirements. These types of changes cause internal flexibility, which has several implications for software development life cycle. In particular, the findings reveal that the instability of services is at its highest significant impact on time and cost skip to software projects. Our investigation too tested features that contribute to the level of demand flexibility and I found that flexible as common communication between users and developers and the application of a clear approach to needs analysis and modeling contribute to the stability of requirements. The main purpose of this survey is to look for the requirement elicitation process from the intra and extra factors perspective. The quality of services is critical to the success of the project. Negotiation needs, however these are not an easy task. Vision, psychological model and differences in expectations between users and analysts do this work is difficult and controversial. In most cases, clients are completely convinced of their real needs. In others, the current operating procedure does not meet the expectations of management. In this paper we have search the problems, factors of elicitation process.

Keywords: Impact of organizational factors RE; Requirement elicitation; intra organization

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This Century will see an urgent up-scaling in the global production of copper nanoparticles due to the continuous industrial development and mounting need to address pressing global issues including non-pharmaceutical disease management and climate change. Mining, benefaction, refining, reagent synthesis, and finally nanoproduct synthesis are the typical linear multistage steps in the traditional copper nanoparticle synthesis process, which is energy and resource intensive. The utilization of nanometer-scale zerovalent iron particles as a reducing agent for environmentally friendly copper nanoparticle manufacturing from waste copper dust is discussed in this paper. Based on the revision, it is clear that this method has significant potential and could represent a completely new paradigm for the conversion of low-grade Cu bearing waste (such as waste copper dust) into useful nanoparticulate Cu compounds for a variety of industrial applications.

Keywords: waste copper dust; cementation; chemical reduction; hydrometallurgy; valorization

     In vapour compression refrigeration system, refrigeration is obtained by giving electric power to compressor and mainly liquid type of refrigerant is used. In vapour absorption refrigeration system, refrigeration is obtained by supplying heat energy to generator (heat receiving device from external source and does the work in place of compressor in compression refrigeration system).It has both refrigerant(liquid type) and absorbent(solid type). In gas cycle refrigeration system, gas type refrigerant is used. Ejector type refrigeration system is a modified form of vapour compression refrigeration system where ejector is used in place of compressor. Here mainly water as refrigerant is used. Lastly thermoelectric refrigeration system is there which works on thermoelectric effect (evolution of heat at one junction and absorption of heat at other junction after passing electric current through a circuit of a thermocouple). Thermocouple is an electrical device which consists of two dissimilar electrical conductors thus forming an electrical junction.

     The COP (coefficient of performance) i.e. performance index of refrigeration are different for different refrigeration types. COP of compression refrigeration system is always more than 1 and higher than absorption system. COP of gas cycle is higher than compression refrigeration system. COP of ejector type is upto 0.3 and for thermoelectric refrigeration system typically between 0.3 to 0.7.

Keywords: Absorption; Compression; Ejector; Gas; Refrigeration; Temperature; Thermoelectric

     Refrigeration is an art of maintaining a system/object at a temperature lower than ambient temperature or surroundings. Refrigeration is used in every day to day life. Foodstuffs are stored at congenial temperature for preventing them from spoilage. The spoilage is reduced as micro-organisms are inactive at lower temperature and thus spoilage is reduced. In medicinal field, different medicines are stored at refrigerated temperature preventing them from spoilage. Also refrigeration is utilized to maintain a given volume of space at comfortable temperature. During summer the required space is maintained at lower temperature than ambient temperature for comfort. While during winter the required space is maintained at higher temperature than ambient temperature for comfort. For achieving refrigeration different types of refrigeration are available.

References

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In Duluth, the largest demographic living in poverty is 18-24-year-olds. Drivers within this age range are also over-represented in crash statistics in the state of Minnesota. Further, owning and operating a personal vehicle can be costly, especially for young drivers with no stable or high income. Sustainable commute modes include commuting with low impact on the environment, transporting more than one passenger, or replacing fossil fuels with green energy. Behavioral changes are necessary to get the maximum benefits from sustainable commuting such as encouraging the use of alternative modes of transportation like the public transportation system.

     Although the benefits of sustainable commuting include saving money, being eco-friendly, and having a positive social impact on society, a survey of 370 18-24-year-old drivers found that 46% choose their vehicle as their primary commuting option. This research explores the perception of young drivers in Duluth toward the use of public transportation. Based on the factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study shows that even if their attitude was favorable and there existed a strong social structure, within Duluth, toward using the bus, control factors exist that impede their decision to use the bus. If these factors are not addressed, then ridership will continue to be low.

Keywords: travel behavior; young drivers; sustainable commuting; public transportation

References

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Distracted driving has become a serious tra?ic problem. This study proposes an image process- ing and multi-model fusion scheme to maximize the discrimination accuracy of distracted driving. First, the training dataset and the test dataset are processed to specific specifications by translation and clipping. Second, we set vgg16 as the benchmark model for evaluation, and train ResNet50, InceptionV3 and Xception model input images. Finally, considering that each model has its own advantages, we use frozen part of the network layer to fine-tune the model, remove the weights of each single model Fine-tune from the output before full connection, connect them in series, and then calculate each model weights through neural network training.

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Face recognition is an important application in computer vision and biometrics. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to face recognition based on modular PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The proposed method improves the accuracy and efficiency of face recognition by dividing the face image into multiple overlapping sub-blocks, and then applying PCA to each sub-block independently. The resulting sub-block eigenfaces are then combined to form a composite face feature vector, which is used for face identification. Experimental results on several standard face recognition datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in terms of recognition accuracy and computational efficiency. The proposed method is also shown to be robust to variations in lighting, facial expressions, and occlusion.

Keywords: modular Analysis; principal component analysis; face recognition; modular PCA; pattern recognition

References

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This paper constructs a kind of communication model with forced treatment of online game addicts. First, the regeneration matrix method is used to determine the basic regeneration number of the model, and then the local stability of online game model and online game addiction transmission conditions is judged according to the basic regeneration number. Further, the effect of treatment delay on online game addicts is analyzed. And last, with the help of numerical simulation to verify the stability of the equilibrium point, the author of this paper puts forward effective treatment cycle for online game addicts.

Keywords: online game addictive equilibrium; online game non-addictive equilibrium; time delay; stability

Reference

1. Aakash Bansal and Richa Gupta. “A review on microstrip patch antenna and feeding techniques”. International Journal of Information Technology 12 (2020): 149-154.
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The shape of the radiating patch exerts influence greatly on the performance of the microstrip patch. The vital target of this research article is to constitute the microstrip antennas of Circular and Pentagonal patches on FR4 substrate employing partial ground that notably lower the shape complication as a consequence of the antenna size reduction combined with a profitable radiation efficiency on the basis of the center frequency of 8.5 GHz. The specification of return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, radiation pattern, and the radiation efficiency of the antenna are investigated using ANSYS HFSS 13.0 software which reveals beneficial outcomes of dual - band over the entire band frequency range of 5-15 GHz relating with the earlier analysis. The triangular patch antenna is detected far well compared to the alternatives which is achieved the best gain of 2.2 dB, 6.8 dB, minimum return loss of 19.0144 dB, 34.5612 dB, enhanced bandwidth of 0.50 GHz, 1.15 GHz, and the higher radiation efficiency of 81%, 94% at 9 GHz, 12.34 GHz respectively. This is applicable for Marine Radar communication (SART), productive Satellite Communications, and also it is the best candidate for weather monitoring, defense and military purposes in Wireless Communication applications.

Keywords: Microstrip patch antenna; Circular & Pentagonal shape; FR4 Epoxy; S11 parameter VSWR; bandwidth; gain; directivity; radiation pattern and radiation efficiency

References

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This research paper bestows a rectangular slot-loaded microstrip antenna in possession of DGS, which may give multi-band and the highest gain for C-band, X-band, and Ku-band applications. The distinct antenna structure is simulated through HFSS 13.0 simulation software for the illustrative investigation of enhanced gain. The newborn evolution of the advancement of wireless internet means of approach is concerned with the insistence on multi-band antennas. The investigation of nine-band frequency antennas is an achiever of 6.0350 GHz (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), 6.7950 GHz (Satellite TV), 7.46 GHz (Long-distance Communication), 8.5050 GHz (Terrestrial Broadcast Radar), 11.45 GHz (Space Communication), 13.35 GHz (detector), 15.06 GHz (Military), 17.24 GHz (Aerospace), and 19.05 GHz (Astronomical observation). The multi- band aspect is accomplished by novel U-slot cuttings and rectangular slots in the antenna. It resonates at quad- band without any patch or ground modification; when a U- slot cutting is made at the left and top of a patch, it resonates at six bands; and when rectangular slot cuttings are united at the ground plane, it resonates at nine bands. The slot length, width, and position are optimized to attain the highest gain. The achieved gains of the proposed antenna are 1.5865 dB, 1.1344 dB, 1.0416 dB, 0.92179 dB, 3.7586 dB, 6.2776 dB, 5.1998 dB, 14.679 dB, 5.4279 dB, 6.0350 GHz, 6.7950 GHz, 7.4600 GHz, 8.5050 GHz, 11.45 GHz, 13.3500 GHz, 15.0600 GHz, 17.2450 GHz, and 19.0500 GHz, In wireless communication, a successful multi-band antenna is advantageous.

Keywords: Multiband Microstrip antenna; Slot cuttings techniques; DGS; C; X and Ku band

.

The I.S. of units implies a damaging separation between engineers and theoreticians. In particular, the electrical units are useless. Thus, in cosmology, we must first calculate what distance corresponds to three universal constants excluding the speed of light c, too slow to ensure cosmic coherence. In the standard triplet G, c, ħ, which defines mass, length and Planck time (the last two constituting the "Planck wall"), the first choice is to replace c with the average mass of the 3 main particles of physics atomic (electron, proton, neutron), and calculate a length, since it is what is really measured in the Hubble-Lemaître law. This gives the half of 13.8 billion light-years (see French wikipedia, “analyse dimensionnelle”). This invariable length, calculated in the first three minutes of the sabbatical year 1997 (Univ. Paris 11), is now identified (2023) not only with the Hubble radius, directly measured, but also with the product by c of the time characteristic of standard cosmology, which cannot therefore be considered no more as the "age" of the Universe, but as the time constant of exponential recession, the unique parameter of steady-state cosmology, so which has also predicted the recession acceleration. This "3-minutes formula" implies that the critical cosmic condition, observed with surprise around 2000, does not need any inflation, it corresponds to a very simple relationship. It is the equalization of the diametral area of the visible Universe compared to the Planck area (the entropy of Bekenstein-Hawking of the visible Universe considered as a black-hole) with the perimeter of the Universe, relative to its wavelength, which pushes back the "wall of Planck" by a factor of 10⁶¹, enlighting the vacuum energy enigma. By separating the electron from the proton-neutron couple, another relation of the same "holographic" type extends to the wavelength of the thermal background, with a precision which excludes any hazardous numerology. The great quanto-gravitational unification, vainly sought for a century, is therefore within everyone's reach, and is deposited in a sealed envelope at the Paris Academy of Sciences (March 1998). We have thus predicted that the far field Universe must be identical to the near domain, which is indeed indicated by the first observations of the JWST. This marvel of technology thus consecrates the triumph of physical common sense and the talent of engineers over the theoreticians drowned in their formalism who imposed this illusion of the Expansion of the Universe and the Initial Big Bang. The JWST must know observe the Universe isothermy (http://holophysique.free.fr).

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Every country's financial system relies on the banking sector. It has an impact on the economy of the country by providing loans, infrastructure, and investment. The banking sector is critical to any country's growth and expansion. Hence this study focuses on the performance assessment of the new-generation South Indian Bank. The financial performance analysis of South Indian Bank involves an evaluation of the Bank's financial health, profitability, and efficiency. This analysis provides valuable insights into the Bank's overall performance and ability to generate sustainable returns for its stakeholders. The Bank's financial performance is evaluated using various financial ratios and indicators, such as Credit- deposit ratio, Investment-deposit Ratio, Cash- deposit ratio, Cost- income ratio, Deposit- cost ratio, Yield on advance ratio, Yield on investments ratio, fixed assets to net-worth Ratio, and other ratios. These ratios are calculated by analyzing the Bank's income statement and balance sheet. The analysis reveals that South Indian Bank has maintained a stable financial position recently, with steady net interest income and profitability growth. The Bank's asset quality has also improved over time, with a reduction in non-performing assets and an increase in the provision coverage ratio. The financial performance analysis of South Indian Bank suggests that the Bank has a stable financial position. Still, it needs to address specific areas of concern to sustain its growth and profitability in the future.

Keywords: Financial performance analysis; Non-Performing Asset; Ratios; Private Sector Bank

References

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This work is carried out to develop a system to maintain silos in a safe and hygienic environment to store food grains by monitoring them at regular intervals. We keep track of the parameters in the silo such as temperature, humidity, and carbon-di-oxide level concentrations. Values recorded at regular intervals of time help us analyze and visualize the data and observe the effects of these parameters on the food grains stored, while providing protection against pests, rodents and other organisms that can affect the yield. It has also been observed that while the grains are stored in such silos, due to the natural processes we have a lot of carbon-di-oxide concentration in the silos which has caused many fatal deaths of farmers. This issue has been mitigated in this work by implementing an emergency procedure which will be activated to open the grain bin and release the toxic gases from the silo. Through this work, we believe we can innovate in the grain storage space and solve the problems faced by the farmers.

Keywords: IOT; Food; Grains; ESP32; Google Apps Script; Cloud

References

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In the IoT and WSN period, large number of connected objects and seeing bias are devoted to collect, transfer, and induce a huge quantum of data for a wide variety of fields and operations. To effectively run these complex networks of connected objects, there are several challenges like topology changes, link failures, memory constraints, interoperability, network traffic, content, scalability, network operation, security, and sequestration to name a many. therefore, to overcome these challenges and exploiting them to support this technological outbreak would be one of the most pivotal tasks of ultramodern world. In the recent times, the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) led to the emergence of Machine Learning (ML) which has come the crucial enabler to figure out results and literacy models in an attempt to enhance the QoS parameters of IoT and WSNs. By learning from once gests, ML ways aim to resolve issues in the WSN and IoT’s fields by erecting algorithmic models. In this paper, we're going to punctuate the most abecedarian generalities of ML orders and Algorithms. We start by furnishing a thorough overview of the WSN and IoT’s technologies. We also bandy the vital part of ML ways in driving up the elaboration of these technologies. also, as the crucial donation of this paper, a new taxonomy of ML algorithms is handed. We also epitomize the major operations and exploration challenges that abused ML ways in the WSN and IoT. ultimately, we dissect the critical issues and list some unborn exploration directions. 

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network; Internet of Things; Machine learning categories; Machine Learning Algorithms

References

1. Mudit Gupta, Pramod Kumar Morya and Satyajit Das. “Design & Fabrication of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN using Symmetrical slots”. International Journal on Emerging Technologies 8 (2017): 11-15.
2. Dheeraj Bhardwaj., et al. “Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement of Rectangular Patch Antenna with Trapezoidal Slot for Wi-Max Applications”. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) 3 (2014).
3. Harshit Srivastava., et al. “Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) Using Slotted Array Technique”. Wireless Personal Communications (2020).
4. Vivek Hanumante., et al. “Performance Analysis of Rectangular Patch Antenna for Different Substrate Heights”. International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering 2 (2014).
5. Lahcen Aguni., et al. “Comparision of the Resonant Frequency Determinattion of a Microstrip Patch Antenna using ANN and Analytical Methods”. International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 6 (2017): 1-9.
6. Ram Krishan and Vijay Laxmi. “Design of Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Local Area Network”. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 4 (2015): 361-365.
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The goal of this research is to enhance the bandwidth of a rectangular patch microstrip antenna. The bandwidth of the antenna is tuned by analyzing the various dielectric substrate mat erials, height & width, coaxial feed line, input and output impedances with effective dielectric constant s, and effective length. The suggested rectangular microstrip patch antenna operates at a frequency of 4.4 GHz. As a function of various frequencies, the VSWR, S11 and efficiency are analyzed. This analysis emphasizes that a low dielectric constant with an appropriate height of the dielectric substrate material for a microstrip patch antenna is utterly important in terms of enhancing bandwidth as well as a surface wave. This analysis gives better results for the RT-Turoid and attains a bandwidth of 56.65% at 4.4 GHz of resonance frequency. This high bandwidth makes it useful in many wideband applications.

Keywords: Dielectric substrates; Rectangular patch; Bandwidth; Coaxial Feedline; S11 parameter; VSWR and Efficiency

     On the other side, when sensitive information is stored on a cloud server, which is not in a direct control of end user, then the risk for the information is increased dramatically. Many unauthorised users may try to intercept secure data to compromise data centre server. Therefore in cloud communication, cloud provider will help to provide complete security measures for user to user communication but at the end cloud protection is not a network protection. Network level threads can compromise the security of information, so to provide the protection of information from intruders, security shield at the different level of cloud network is required.

We need three layers of security shield in cloud based network (1) Connectivity Level (2) Storage Level (3) Application Level. Cloud based protocol provide a broad set of policies and technologies to control these attack.

1. In connectivity level, when the real world communicate with multiple data centres and multiple end users in a cloud network, we have to consider all aspects of infrastructure including computer centre, data centre and cloud network to overcome the challenges related to architecture, performance , reliability, security, maintainability and virtualization as well.

As the information move between the communication channels, end to end encryption and authentication with no data leakage is mostly needed. During this transmission to protect our cloud network, Host Identity Protocol is used for authenticate IPv4, IPv6 client server cloud network from the intruders. MQTT and HTTP Protocol provide a core support for device connection and communication. In general MQTT is supported by embedded devices and for machine to machine interaction. In HTTP protocol based devices do not maintain a connection to IoT cloud, however it maintain a half duplex TCP connection where transmission is connectionless.

At this level some standardized protocol like connectionless network protocol, Secure Shell protocol, Spanning Tree Protocol, Equal Cost Multi-Pathing Protocol and many more are used. In these protocols some are communication protocols which are used for message failure detection, message monitoring and data unit identification.

2. In storage level, privacy plays an important role for the cloud service customer. Cloud service provider must ensure that the information and identity of client service customer will not disclose in any case. On the other hand, most pressing issue is that the data must be encrypted so no one, even administrator can’t see the information without permission of customer. It is a duty of customer service provider to make sure the customer that no duplicate copy of keys (Private /Public) is generated and data form stored in is in encrypted multiple safe locations.

Since the cloud is a very vast storage and it deals with a large amount of data information, the service provider should provide a separate address space to each customer with their individual memory space. This virtual isolation is provided with the help of dedicated virtual machines. Some time cloud deploys firewalls to protect the data and to overcome it Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used on VoIP based communication. This protocol helps the cloud for protecting their network by attacks like Denial of service, IP traffic management, Toll fraud protection and encryption of data.

3. In application level, cloud provides a facility to the end user to design their own application as per their requirement and the platform provided by service provider. Each cloud has its own different platform to execute user idea. The application must be tested and verified by the cloud service provider. The complete testing and module checking are done at the cloud service provider level before application being made available for the end user. There are some chances that attacker can also create a malicious application on cloud and launch it with attractive features to attract new user in a network. Application security protocol can handle all these malicious application service provider and user also. In addition, Cloud service providers have their own application firewall for monitoring incoming and outgoing traffic.

     In these days, Equal Cost Multi-Pathing protocol is widely adopted by the cloud computing because it has the ability to create multiple load balanced paths which play a very important role for providing variable bandwidths depending upon the requirement of the application. Moreover, Extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP) can be used for public subscribe system and file transfer.

     To conclude, there is no doubt that Cloud computing is the latest field in communication and for technology friendly users which promises immense benefits. Most of the Information technology giants like IBM, Cisco, Google and Microsoft have adopted it and continuously working in this area to handle security and privacy issues. It is expected that the use of cloud computing would exponentially increases in the upcoming days and simultaneously we all will face new challenges in cloud security. Hacking and various attacks to cloud infrastructure and cloud network would affect multiple clients even if only one site or one machine is attacked. These risks can be mitigated by using most secure protocols, security applications, most dynamic encrypted file systems, minimum data leakage and recovery software, and buying security hardware to track unusual behaviour across servers. However, there a lot of research work by the experts is still required in cloud area because many of the concerns related to security and privacy issues are not been answered yet.

     Dr. Varun Prakash Saxena (BE, ME, PhD) is presently Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering, Government Women Engg. College Ajmer since 2012. He has 10 year of teaching and research experience. He has published more than 18 research paper and 5 research article in national/International journal of repute. He is a member of 5 national/ international professional societies. His interest includes cryptography, Networks and programming. He is also guiding more than 10 PG students.

     Over the past decade, cloud computing is the most emerged fast growing and widely accepted concept for information exchange. This is smartly designed for information exchange paradigm which builds around the core concepts of data encryption, data transmission, media transmission and communication with different remote login.

     In highly programmable and high performance cloud based network, the central remote server or data centres are used for the storage of information in secure manner. They monitor everything and help the end user to retrieve the information without breaking its integrity, confidentiality and access controllability.

     This task to manage and maintain the security at highest level in cloud is, inherently challenging. These cloud network are operated by many security level protocols to provide the efficient and secure service to end user who often lack of technical knowledge about the security mechanism and threats in a network.

References

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     Delay is a major Quality of Service (QoS) metric in Mission Critical Applications and some of these include health, vehicle and inspection safety applications. Some of such applications run on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) set ups which comes with transmission challenges arising from the size of traffic packets, environmental conditions and others. These challenges cause transmission delays, packet loss and hence a degraded network performance. In this article we study a Low Latency Queueing (LLQ) Scheduling Algorithm that makes use of three priority queues each transmitting voice, video and text packets. For the purposes of improving delay performance piggy backing off video packets on voice transmission is used. The LLQ model is developed under two scenarios as follows: (I) when voice packet is delayed once and piggybacked with video on transmission. (II) when voice packet is delayed only if there is a partial video packet being transmitted. During scheduling of traffic voice packets are combined with the partial video packet. We investigate the performance variation of the LLQ in an M/G/1 queue under different scenarios and under two service distributions namely: Exponential and Bounded Pareto (BP). The numerical results for the first scenario revealed that the video packets experienced the least conditional mean response time/conditional mean slowdown, followed by voice and least were text packets under LLQ Algorithm. While for second scenario, it was observed that voice packets experienced the least conditional mean response time/conditional mean slowdown, followed by video packets and then text packets in that order under LLQ Algorithm.

Keywords: delay; video; voice; text

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     An efficient, functional banking system may catalyze rapid growth in numerous areas of the economy and is a critical prerequisite for a country's progress, and India is no exception. This research study will investigate and compare the financial performance of South Indian Bank and HDFC Bank using the CAMEL Model. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to examine South Indian Bank's financial performance, and second, to compare South Indian Bank's performance to that of HDFC Bank. The study utilizes secondary data from the banks' annual reports over five years, from 2017-18 to 2021-22. The CAMEL Model is used as a framework for the analysis, comprising five dimensions - capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, earnings, and liquidity. According to the study's findings, both banks performed satisfactorily regarding capital sufficiency, managerial quality, and liquidity. However, regarding asset quality and earnings, HDFC Bank outperforms South Indian Bank. This research will help investors, stakeholders, and policymakers make informed judgments concerning these banks.

Keywords: Capital Adequacy; Asset Quality; Management Efficiency; Earning Capacity; Liquidity; Non-Performing Asset

References

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     Pestology Combines is a manufacturing company that specializes in producing hygiene products and partners with renowned brands. The company emphasizes integrity, innovation, and customer satisfaction while promoting eco-friendly pest elimination solutions. With a state-of-the-art manufacturing unit, Pestology Combines ensures the production of high-quality defect-free products by utilizing top-notch raw materials and professional management. Additionally, the company exports its products to several countries and serves as an OEM supplier, offering customized B2B solutions. This study evaluates Pestology Combines' financial performance using four years of balance sheet and income statement data. By analyzing the changes in assets and liabilities over time, the research provides management strategies and problem-solving recommendations. Furthermore, the study explores the manufacturing sector's significance, technological advancements, and its contribution to economic growth and innovation. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of financial statement analysis within specific industry contexts, highlighting the importance of managing assets and liabilities effectively for sustained financial health.

Keyword: Financial performance analysis; Financial performance analysis; Balance sheet and income statement analysis; Manufacturing company; Hygiene products

References

1. Bansal R. “A comparative financial study: Evidence from selected indian retail companies”. Journal of finance and investment Analysis 3.3 (2014): 13-35.
2. Ehiedu VC. “The impact of liquidity on profitability of some selected companies: The financial statement analysis (FSA) approach”. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting 5.5 (2014): 81-90.
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4. Haralayya B. “Financial Statement Analysis Using Common Size on Mahindra Sindol Motors”. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals 5.1 (2021): 150-159.
5. Hofmann E and Lampe K. “Financial statement analysis of logistics service providers: ways of enhancing performance”. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management (2013).
6. Philip B and M Prasad. “A Study on The Financial Performance of The South Indian Bank”. PriMera Scientific Engineering 2.5 (2023): 2-13.

     The research paper focuses on the increasing demand for bakery products and the growth of the bakery industry, with a particular emphasis on Sheen Confectionery in India. The study utilizes comparative statements to analyze the financial position and income position of Sheen Confectionery. The objectives of the study are to assess the company's assets and liabilities, provide recommendations for improvement, and understand the changes in the company's financial performance over time. The paper acknowledges limitations in terms of the time frame and the use of a single analytical tool. The findings highlight trends and fluctuations in various financial aspects of Sheen Confectionery, and based on the analysis, recommendations are provided to enhance the company's financial position and profitability.

Keywords: Bakery business, Sheen Confectionery, Financial statement, Comparative analysis, Assets and liabilities, Financial performance

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     A wide variety of destructions and deformations of the pavement, such as rutting, waves, fatigue cracks, is shown by the experience of operating roads with asphalt concrete pavements. The actual service life of road structures is often much lower than the standard. The service life of asphalt concrete pavements of roads in Ukraine is 5-7 years instead of 12 before overhaul.

     Thus, a decrease in the service life generally leads to a deterioration in the transport and operational condition of the road network.

     Bitumen is one of the materials most susceptible to changes in asphalt mixes.

     In the world practice of road construction, the opinion is firmly established that a radical way to improve the quality of bitumen is their modification with polymers. However, the introduction of polymer additives into petroleum bitumen is not always able to provide the required performance of asphalt concrete in terms of shear resistance at high positive temperatures, crack resistance at low temperatures, and fatigue life when exposed to long-term dynamic loads.

     The compositions and technologies for the production of technological complex-modified road asphalt mixtures for the construction of non-rigid pavements of increased durability based on basalt fiber have been developed at the National Aviation University.

Keywords: asphalt concrete; dispersed reinforcement; basalt fiber; crack resistance; shear resistance

     It is known that phases are formed in the Fe-N system: α-phases (nitrogenous austenite with a face-centered cubic lattice) [1, 2]. At a temperature of 590°C, the α-phase represents the eutectoid decomposition γ→α+ γ'. When supercooling the γ-phase by the shear mechanism, it represents a martensitic transformation. Nitrogenous martensite (α ' - phase) has a tetragonal body-centered lattice [2, 3]. A separate γ'-phase is a solid solution of Fe and N nitride, the ε-phase is also formed during nitriding and is a solid solution of Fe3N. In the Fe-C-N system in steel, the main strengthening phase is ε-carbonitride Fe2-3(N-C) formed during nitriding, the carbonitride phase obtained by simultaneous diffusion of carbon and nitrogen into steel has high hardness and high wear resistance. In the γ-phase, carbon practically does not dissolve, and the γ-phase is a solution of nitrogen and carbon intercalation. According to [4]. The introduction of nitrogen into the cementite lattice facilitates the formation of the carbonitride phase. Carbonitride with a cementite lattice is formed in the process of nitrocarburizing at a temperature of 680°C. When steel is nitrided, cementite, after saturation with nitrogen atoms, turns into ε-carbonitride. It has been established in the studies that during the nitriding of alloyed steels, phase points are formed, which are also formed during the nitriding of iron, only during alloying does the composition of the phases and the temperature intervals of their formation change. Studies have shown that in alloyed steel, due to the nitrogen content in the ε-phase, the hardness is increased to HRC 63.

     Following the nitride zone during nitriding in steels, there is a layer of the α-phase, which is the main part of the diffusion layer. Refractory alloying elements increase the solubility of nitrogen in the α-phase. During nitriding, the mosaic blocks are also refined and the α-phase lattice is distorted. The overall change in the defectiveness of the crystal structure of the α-phase depends on the nitriding temperature. When nitriding in the region of 500-600°C, the α-phase zone provides ferrite grains, and at a higher temperature of more than 600°C, a darkly etched zone is formed, also consisting of ferrite grains. Moreover, the darkening of ferrite grains increases with an increase in the content of alloying elements. During slow cooling after nitriding in steel, a γ'-phase of an acicular character is released from the α-phase. All alloying elements to some extent reduce the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in the α-phase and, accordingly, reduce its depth.

     The structure of the nitrided layer is formed not only at saturation temperature but also during subsequent cooling. During cooling of the nitrided layer, the α-solid solution decomposes. This decay is strongly influenced by the rate of cooling. If there is a slow cooling, then simultaneously granular needle-like nitrides are formed that are released from the α-phase. The properties of the nitrided layer are determined by the structure that was formed during the saturation of the steel with nitrogen and subsequent transformations occurring during cooling. Two phases have high hardness: γ'-phase and nitrogenous martensite α'-phase. All alloying elements reduce the thickness of the nitrided layer but significantly increase the hardness of the steel surface. It was found that the high hardness of the nitrided layer is obtained by separating dispersed nitride alloying elements from solid solutions, which distort the α-phase lattice and serve as an obstacle to the movement of dislocations.

     Moreover, the greatest increase in hardness corresponds to the nitriding temperatures at which nitrides are actively formed. The nitride layer forms strong elastic distortions of the crystal lattice of the α-phase. These distortions prevent the movement of dislocations and contribute to the hardening mechanism of the steel. By changing the temperature and time of nitriding, it is possible to fix various stages of nitride precipitation in the diffusion zone and thus control the degree of steel hardening. When alloying steel with several elements, the degree of distortion of the diffusion layer is much higher than that of steel alloyed with one element. Therefore, complex alloy steels tend to have higher hardness than low alloy steels.

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     This article presents the results of a study of the processes of nitriding of alloyed steels. It is shown that to obtain a high hardness of the surface layer of steel, it is necessary to obtain dispersed nitrides of alloying elements in the surface layer of steel. The resulting nitrides have high hardness and are an obstacle to the movement of dislocations in the steel, thereby strengthening the surface layer of the steel.

Keywords: nitriding; nitrides; hardness; temperature; alloyed steels

References

1. Shubham Sharma., et al. "Detecting Insider Attacks on Databases using Blockchains". In proceedings of Workshop on Blockchain Technologies and its Applications, ISRDC, IIT Bombay (2017).
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Many web applications that rely on centralized databases face vulnerabilities to insider attacks. While these systems implement multiple layers of security measures against external hackers, they may overlook the threat posed by employees who are already within these security layers and have access to privileged information. Users with administrative privileges in the database system can potentially access, modify, or delete data, while also manipulating corresponding log entries to erase any evidence of tampering, making detection nearly impossible. While one approach could involve developing methods to detect and trace such attacks, along with recovering the original data, this report takes a different perspective. Instead of focusing on detection and recovery, we explore a new direction: ensuring that attacks do not occur in the first place. By establishing a system that comprehensively safeguards data integrity, the need for detection, tracing, and recovery can be minimized or eliminated. This report investigates the prevention of insider attacks on databases by utilizing Bluzelle, a NoSQL database that offers decentralized database solutions for decentralized applications.

Keywords: Tampering; Centralized Database Systems; Insider Attack; Detection; Recovery; Integrity; Bluzelle

References

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Projection welding is a joining process based on the electrical resistance of metal components that have small protrusions on the areas where assembly is desired. In this case, the welding electrodes that ensure the transfer of the electric current have a flat geometry, which allows uniform pressing of the areas with protrusions, which have the role of ensuring the concentration of the current lines for the formation of welding points. Excessive deformation can cause the protrusions to collapse rapidly, causing greater dispersion of the current and limiting the effect of localized heating and melting, and welding no longer occurs. The process is widely used in the electrical, electronic, automotive, food and construction industries, etc. The paper analyzes the effect of regime parameter values during the resistance welding process on the joints made between 2 steel components with surfaces protected by aluminization. The surface of one of the components was imprinted with 5 equidistant protrusions created by plastic deformation to concentrate the electric current lines and achieve melting points with a limited surface area. The thin layer of aluminum deposited on the surfaces of the parts has the role of protection against corrosion, but it produces hard compounds located on the welding interface. The chemical micro-composition analyzes performed with the EDAX method highlighted the diffusion effects of chemical elements in the welding area and the formation of hard compounds Al-rich loccated on the fusion line of the welded points. The microstructure of the welded areas was analyzed and the fracture strength tests of some welded samples were performed to establish the most suitable values of the welding process for this application.

Keywords: projection welding; current; microstructure; tensile test; microhardness

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     This article focuses on the importance of expert validation in the construction and evaluation of questionnaires, particularly in the context of satisfaction surveys. The article highlights that the involvement of experts provides an overview and helps understand the limitations of the coefficients used, such as Aiken's V and Cronbach's Alpha, as well as their proper interpretation.

     The text mentions that expert validation can also provide additional information about the interpretation of results and key concepts in the evaluation of measurement instruments. Furthermore, it points out that expert validation can be useful in assessing the agreement among experts' ratings in an impact study.

     Next, the importance of Aiken's V and Cronbach's Alpha in evaluating the validity of data obtained through questionnaires is emphasized. Aiken's V assesses the convergent and discriminant validity of a questionnaire, while Cronbach's Alpha evaluates the internal consistency of scale items.

     It is highlighted that obtaining positive results in both coefficients enhances the validity of data by demonstrating good convergence, discrimination, and consistency in measuring the target construct.

In conclusion, the article emphasizes that expert validation and the use of coefficients such as Aiken's V and Cronbach's Alpha are fundamental in improving the validity of data in satisfaction surveys and other measurement instruments.     These tools provide valuable information to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results.

Keywords: Continuous education; Professional development; Satisfaction survey; Content validity; Reliability

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To assess the distribution of droplet sizes on a flat plate during dropwise condensation, a droplet detection technique has been devised. By integrating an equation for the single droplet heat transfer rate with the droplet size distribution, dropwise condensation heat transfer can be modelled. This chapter provides a thorough introduction to the condensation process. Both boiling and condensation take place throughout the thermodynamic heat transfer process. This article contains information about homogeneous and heterogeneous drop-wise condensation. The drop-wise condensation mechanism has been described with a diagram. The figure shows several contact angles and the resistance provided in dropwise condensation are recognized. The relevance of the condensation process and certain fundamental applications have been discussed recently.

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Different kinds of images induce different kinds of stimuli in humans. Certain types of images tend to activate specific parts of our brain. Professional photographers use methods and techniques like rule of thirds, exposure, etc, to click an appealing photograph. Image aesthetic is a partially subjective topic as there are some aspects of the image that are more appealing to the person’s eye than the others, and the paper presents a novel technique to generate a typical score of the quality of an image by using the image captioning technique. The model for Image Captioning model has been trained using Convolutional Neural Network, Long Short Term Memory, Recurrent Neural Networks and Attention Layer. After the Image caption generation we made, a textual analysis is done using RNN- LSTM, embedding layer, LSTM layer, and sigmoid function and then the score of the image is predicted for its aesthetic quality.

Keywords: Image Aesthetic; Convolutional Neural Network; Long Short Term Memory; Recurrent Neural Networks; Attention Layer; Embedding Layer; Image Captioning

Dynamic of the electron

Let’s briefly describe the dynamic of an electron in the quantum computer. An electron can be in a three states in the quantum computer. It can be in a bounded state in an atom or molecule, it can be in a transitory state and it can move in a stabile state or pre-superconducting state. Concerning bounded state there is not much difference in the Confined Quantum Field Theory compared with the standard quantum. The only difference is that state functions have a cut-off and do not go to infinity. One can accept solution to the Schrödinger but on a bounded domain. The difference is mainly on the transitory and stable or pre-superconducting state as we call it in the Confined Quantum Field Theory. Transitory state is a state that the electron moves around and has a size or energy that do not match with the potentials around to be captured. In this state the electron frequently exchanges energy with the bulk until it finds energy or size and position to be in a bounded state or pre-superconducting state. Pre-superconducting state is a state which specifically recognized by Confined Quantum Field Theory in that an electron moves in a periodic potential and the size of the electron is a multiple of the periodicity. In hardware engineering avoiding impurity and defect is especially important just because they destroy the periodicity. We all are aware that computers works always better in a lower temperature. It is just because the temperature disturbs the potential periodicity. Since in the quantum computing we deal with single atom or molecule, if this atom or molecule is disturbs by high energy radiation can be a problem for the computing. Disturbance due to the high energy radiation like cosmic radiation is more difficult to prevent. For this one need a thick jacket of lead which is not practical for small mobile computer. One possible solution is to construct several parallel computing lines. The probability that two lines disturbs in a same way by a high energy radiation at the same time is almost zero.

Today Quantum Computing is central in the advance engineering. This is because there is more demand for faster and more effective computer to treat huge amount of information in a very short amount of time. From engineering point of view this means that we must go in to the atomic level in the constructing computer. This is in fact what Quantum Computing is about. For this one should have good understanding about electrons dynamic behavior. This in turn demands a good understanding of the quantum. Quantum that we teach student now is limited by uncertainty and paradox. First it is not transparent. One may not be interested in transparency and only be interested in the result of the calculation. Even if one is directed to the result, we should say that the calculation is often complicated and confronted with ambiguity. We must say that we can never separate transparency from the other aspects of the calculation. It is through the transparency that we can find the best way of the calculation. Here we come to the Confined Quantum Field Theory. In confined Quantum Field Theory we have no uncertainty and paradox. Each quantum object like electrons are represented by a well defined bounded and connected manifold with well defined size. This size is a function of the quantum objects energy. Therefore we often refer to the energy as the size. Quantum objects with higher energy have smaller size. More in the confined quantum field theory quantum objects have well defined position. Well defined size and position is the transparency we receive from the Confined Quantum Field Theory.

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South Africa, like many other developing nations, faces significant challenges in delivering effective and fair public services. Africa in particular suffers from a catastrophic shortage of public infrastructure, and a variety of factors contribute to the infrastructure deficit. Public entities around the world are battling with effective service delivery and have adopted different models to enhance and improve infrastructure delivery. However, the models currently deployed have shortcomings, thus frustrating the efforts to deliver infrastructure effectively to the general populace. South Africa has similarly had its fair share of false starts. The 2010 introduction of Infrastructure Delivery Management System (IDMS) was specifically to facilitate effective, timely and sustained infrastructure development, and tackle the challenges in public sector infrastructure delivery. The study employs a multi-case study, qualitative approach through content analysed data to look at four nations that implements infrastructure projects in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa and analyze the advancement of infrastructure delivery. A systematic review of infrastructure delivery models/reforms in the context of public sector was carried out through literature and descriptive analysis was applied. The findings reveal a knowledge vacuum about the diverse techniques taken by various countries in the execution of public sector infrastructure projects, and provide little precise evidence on the performance of delivery systems and lessons learned. It is here recommended that interventions such as IDMS should be contextualized cognizant of the country’s developmental imperatives.

Keywords: reforms; infrastructure; delivery; construction industry; public sector

References

1. Gambi., et al. “A home automation architecture based on LoRa technology and message queue telemetry transfer protocol”. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw 14.10 (2018): 1550147718806837.
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6. MR Bashir and AQ Gill. "IoT enabled smart buildings: A systematic review". 2017 Intelligent Systems Conference (2017): 151-159.
7. Pavithra and Balakrishnan. wi-fi-based home automation systems (2015).

Smart building management systems (SBMS) are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to improve the energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings. This research uses Lora technology- the latest trend to deliver a secure wireless SBMS using very little power. LoRa devices involve incorporating wireless communication technology into building management systems to increase power efficiency, ensure safety by earlier earthquake and fire detection, providing safety instructions, escape routes to the occupants and alert to the local emergency response team, security to the end user, automation and monitoring capabilities. SBMS also provides advanced automation capabilities, such as automated lighting, heating, and cooling systems. These systems adjust in real-time based on the occupancy levels and other building parameters, providing optimal comfort to occupants while minimizing energy usage. The goal is to enhance comfort, safety, security and energy efficiency for the occupants.

LoRa offers long-range coverage and low power consumption, making it ideal for use in smart buildings.

Keywords: Internet of things (IOT); Smart buildings; Lora; Cloud computing

References

1. Akhmedov Yu and Asadov ShK. Contruction of the shadow of polyhedral. International journal of progressive scinces and technologies (IJPSAT) 24.2 (2021): 370-374.
2. Yunus Akhmedov, Shuhrat Asadov and Bobir Azimov. Two-sided estimation of linear approximation error second-order hypersurfaces. Apitech-iv-2022 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022): 012124.
3. Akhmedov Yu and Sharipov K. Geometric modeling of drilling bit rolling cutters by generalized Hermitian splines. Apitech-iv-2022 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022): 012164.
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6. Ahmedov Yu and Shuhrat Asadov. Construction of The Shadows of Polyhedra. International Journal of Progressive Scinces and Technologies (IJPSAT) 24.2 (2021): 370-374.
7. Shukhrat Muradov. Research of Working Bodies for Uncomplacing the Underground Layer of Soil. International Scientific Conference on Agricultural Machinery Industry “Interagromash”, XV International Scientific Conference “Interagromash 2022”, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems book series 574.05 (2023): 1099-1108.

Based on the generalization of the theory of generalization of polyhedra, a method for linearizing the yield conditions of an arbitrary form, for plastic shells by inscribed and circumscribed hyperpolyhedra, has been developed. The technique allows one to obtain hyperpolyhedra with an arbitrary number of faces. The linearization technique is used to construct an algorithm and a program for automatic approximation of convex hypersurfaces by inscribed and circumscribed hyperpolyhedra with any number of faces. Automatic linearization of plasticity conditions for rigid-plastic shells made it possible to construct an effective method and PPP for calculating lower estimates for the bearing capacity of shallow shells with rectangular plan. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of programs due to the optimal choice of the number of faces of hyperpolytopes is obtained - polyhedra with a minimum number of faces are found, leading to estimates of the bearing capacity with a given accuracy. On the basis of the kinematic method of the theory of limit equilibrium and the use of the generalized Ioganson's yield condition, a method has been developed for calculating the bearing capacity of plates of a complex shape.

Keywords: Geometric modelling; bearing capacity; yield conditions; approximation; hypersurface; polyhedron; equilibrium; hyperpolyhedron; seismic resistance; design; plasticity theory; design; geometric modelling; rigid plasticity; six-dimensional space; surface; linearization; ultimate load; deformation; optimization; coefficient

References

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Aluminum casting is a manufacturing process that has been around for some time. This method has been used in making many aluminum products used as parts of aircraft, automobiles, turbines, and structures like bridges. Every cast product is expected to be of the desired and required strength so it will not fail on application. It is good to predetermine the strength of aluminum cast accurately at the design stage before casting. Therefore, we developed a model that can predict the aluminum cast's strength and other mechanical properties by studying the flow profile of liquid aluminum flowing through the mold.

Keywords: Strength of cast; Aluminum casting; Fluid mechanics; Flow properties

Applications in Various Industries

     The versatility of Functionally Graded Materials has sparked interest and found applications in a wide range of industries. In aerospace, FGMs are used in turbine blades, where the gradual variation in material properties helps withstand high temperatures and reduce thermal stresses. In automotive applications, FGMs contribute to lightweight designs while improving structural integrity. The energy sector benefits from FGMs in heat exchangers, which efficiently manage thermal gradients. Biomedical implants take advantage of FGMs' ability to mimic the natural transition between bone and implant materials, promoting better integration and reducing complications. Moreover, FGMs find applications in electronics, where they enable precise control of electrical conductivity and thermal management. Some key application areas where FGMs are used.

Thermal Management Systems

     FGMs find use in thermal management systems, such as heat sinks and cooling devices. By tailoring the thermal conductivity gradient within the material, FGMs can efficiently dissipate heat, ensuring optimal thermal performance and minimizing temperature gradients.

Wear-Resistant Coatings

     FGMs can be employed as wear-resistant coatings in various industries. By gradually transitioning from a hard and wear-resistant material to a tough and ductile material, FGM coatings can provide superior resistance to wear, abrasion, and erosion.

Optics and Photonics

     FGMs play a vital role in optical and photonics applications. They can be designed to possess varying refractive indices, allowing for the controlled manipulation of light and the creation of gradient-index lenses, waveguides, and optical filters.

Energy Storage and Conversion

     FGMs have the potential to enhance energy storage and conversion devices. For example, in lithium-ion batteries, FGM electrodes can optimize the transport of ions and electrons, improving the battery's performance and durability.

Structural Components

     FGMs offer advantages in structural applications where there are significant thermal or mechanical loads. By gradually adjusting the material properties, FGMs can minimize stress concentrations, reduce thermal expansion mismatches, and enhance the overall structural integrity of components.

Aerospace Propulsion Systems

     FGMs have garnered attention in aerospace propulsion systems, particularly in combustion chambers and turbine components. The tailored composition and property gradients can withstand extreme temperatures, resist thermal fatigue, and enhance the efficiency and durability of propulsion systems.

Acoustic Applications

     FGMs can be utilized in acoustic devices and systems. By controlling the density and stiffness gradients, FGMs can effectively manipulate sound waves, enabling the design of improved acoustic lenses, sound barriers, and noise-reduction materials.

Microelectronics and MEMS

     FGMs find applications in microelectronics and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). By tailoring the electrical conductivity and thermal properties, FGMs can facilitate better heat dissipation, improved electrical interconnects, and enhanced performance of microdevices.

Corrosion Protection

     FGMs can serve as protective coatings in corrosive environments. By gradually transitioning from a corrosion-resistant material to a sacrificial layer, FGM coatings can effectively inhibit corrosion and extend the lifespan of structures and equipment.

     These applications highlight the diverse range of industries that benefit from the unique properties and capabilities of Functionally Graded Materials. By tailoring material compositions and properties, FGMs offer opportunities for innovation and optimization, leading to improved performance, efficiency, and reliability in various technological domains.

Design Challenges and Fabrication Techniques

     The design and fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials present unique challenges. Achieving the desired composition gradients requires careful consideration of material selection, processing techniques, and modeling approaches. Techniques such as powder metallurgy, thermal spray, sol-gel processes, and additive manufacturing methods like 3D printing offer the means to fabricate FGMs with controlled composition variations. Additive manufacturing, in particular, allows for the creation of complex geometries and precise property gradients, opening up new possibilities for material design.

Future Prospects

     Functionally Graded Materials continue to captivate researchers and industry professionals, with ongoing efforts to refine fabrication techniques, characterize properties, and optimize designs. Advances in computational modeling and simulation techniques aid in predicting material behavior and guiding the development of novel FGMs. As additive manufacturing technologies advance, FGMs are poised to revolutionize material design, offering unprecedented opportunities for customization and performance optimization.

Conclusion

     Functionally Graded Materials represent a remarkable advancement in material science and engineering. By carefully tailoring composition gradients, FGMs offer unique combinations of properties that can overcome the limitations of homogeneous materials. From aerospace and automotive applications to biomedical implants and electronics, FGMs unlock new possibilities for innovation and performance optimization. As research and development in this field continue to progress, we can anticipate exciting breakthroughs that will shape the future of advanced materials and their applications in various industries.

     In the quest for materials with enhanced performance and tailored properties, scientists and engineers have turned to Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). These engineered materials exhibit a gradual transition in composition, structure, and properties, offering unique opportunities for innovation across numerous industries. By designing materials with specific property gradients, FGMs enable the development of advanced technologies that push the boundaries of traditional homogeneous materials.

Composition and Property Variations

     Functionally Graded Materials are characterized by a controlled variation in composition from one end to the other. This composition gradient can include different materials or phases, such as metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites. The gradual change in composition leads to corresponding variations in material properties, including mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, magnetic and optical properties. This property tailoring allows FGMs to excel in applications that demand specific material behavior.

     This eons-old parallel development could be accepted as casual and based on weak statistics, but any further analysis pushes us to consider a strong participation of creation, and entangled development within that.

     Similar thinking can be used to look at fleas and humans, snakes and insects, whales and sardines, monkeys and bananas, etc.

     If one brings this into the classroom, it may be that this would be a good introduction to quantum entanglement. The above entanglement would not exist if physics had no part in it.

     After all, it is physics that teaches us about energy. But it does not teach us about the energy that exists, for example, when a dog nurses a newborn cat.

     In the above examples, it is clear that creation demands a certain proximity to be relevant, like apple trees and humans over eons, but this is something that quantum entanglement has proven to be unnecessary. This suggests that nature has a way to act along certain rules of creation. Can one then expect that there are humans elsewhere in this universe, as long as the conditions of creation are similar? Is love a universal energy we can count on?

     This means that we are not giving creation the proper amount of mention and respect. Science and engineering should be seen as extensions of creation.

     The easiest example of that entanglement is the emergence of nature, and humans within it. If one observes the most important natural food for humans, fruit was clearly shaped to work with humans. For example, our hands are not optimized for ripping oxen apart but shaped ideally for picking apples from a tree.

     If we follow that thinking, we reap major benefits (energy, vitamins, fiber, clean water, etc.). The apple tree, since we are eating its gonads, benefits from our digestive system simply passing its undigested seeds along to Earth, surrounded by nutritious cover.

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Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia but is currently under-diagnosed since it can be asymptomatic. Early detection of AF could be highly beneficial for the prevention of stroke, which is a major risk associated with AF, with a fivefold increase. The advent of portable monitoring devices can help uncover the underlying dynamics of human health in a way that has not been possible before.

Method: The purpose of this study was to validate the automated analysis of AF by the SmartCardia’s proprietary health monitoring device (ScaAI patch, SmartCardia S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland). To this end, a model was created and tested on three publicly available databases comprised of 243,960 ECG segments of 30-seconds. The model was further tested against a set of 500 ECG streams of 30-seconds (recorded by ScaAI patch - across different clinical trials; annotated by 3 different cardiologists), especially representing problematic conditions, when determination the underlying rhythm was challenging.

Results: The created model obtained F1-scores of 94.42 against a test set from two published available databases, and an F1-score of 92.61 (average F1-scores w.r.t each cardiologist) on the SmartCardia assembled database.

Conclusion: We demonstrated that the new wireless ScalAl patch had a high capacity to automatically detect AF when compared with public database. Further studies will help identify the optimal role of the the ScaAl patch in the management of cardiac arrhythmias.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; arrhythmias; automatic arrhythmia detection; wireless system

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Cloud computing has transformed the technological landscape by providing businesses with scalable virtual resources and by transforming the e-learning industry. With this transformation, however, comes a paramount concern for security. The improvement of e-learning systems requires substantial investments in hardware and software. Cloud computing provides a cost-effective solution for institutions with limited resources. A comprehensive security framework adapted to the specific requirements of the e-learning platform is crucial for maximising the utility of common applications. Skilled security experts and software architects are essential to the design and implementation of such solutions. Authentication, encryption, and access controls serve as the security arsenal's armour and weaponry. The ongoing pursuit of a secure educational environment necessitates a dedicated team that stays current on the most recent threats and countermeasures. Combining cloud computing and e-learning offers numerous opportunities, but security must remain a top priority. This report examines the principles of neural networks and high-performance computing for fortifying cloud-based e-learning platforms, resulting in a tapestry of safeguards that protect the treasures of online education.

Keywords: Cloud computing; Scalable; Authentication; Encryption; Neural Networks

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Weather forecasting, a crucial and vital process in people's everyday lives, assesses the change taking place in the atmosphere's current state. Big data analytics is the practice of studying big data to uncover hidden patterns and useful information that might produce more beneficial outcomes. Big data is currently a topic of fascination for many facets of society, and the meteorological institute is no exception. Big data analytics will therefore produce better results for weather forecasting and assist forecasters in providing more accurate weather predictions. Several big data techniques and technologies have been proposed to manage and evaluate the enormous volume of weather data from various resources in order to accomplish this goal and to identify beneficial solutions. A smart city is a project that uses computers to process vast amounts of data gathered from sensors, cameras, and other devices in order to manage resources, provide services, and address problems that arise in daily life, such as the weather. Forecasting the weather is a crucial process in daily life because it assesses changes in the atmosphere's current state. A machine learning-based weather forecasting model was proposed in this paper, and it was implemented using 5 classifier algorithms, including the Random Forest classifier, the Decision Tree Algorithm, the Gaussian Naive Bayes model, the Gradient Boosting Classifier, and Artificial Neural Networks. These classifier algorithms were trained using a publicly available dataset. When the model's performance was assessed, the Gradient Boosting Classifier algorithm, which had a plus 98% predicted accuracy, came out on top.

Keywords: Weather forecasting; Big data; Machine Learning; smart city; Gradient Boosting Classifier

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10. L. de Broglie: a) Some important papers: C.R.A.S., 177, p. 517, p. 548, p. 630, 1923; Philosophical Mag., XLVII, p. 446, 1924; J. Phys., série VI, t. VII, n° 11, p. 321, 1926; J. Phys., série VI, t. VIII, n° 5, p. 225, 1927; J. Phys., 20, p. 963, 1959; C.R.A.S., 277, série B, p. 71, 1973; Found. of Phys. (with G. Lochak, J.A. Beswick and J. Vassalo Pereira), 6, p. 3, 1976. b) Books (among 44 titles): — Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Thesis, 1924): first published in: Annales de Physique, 10e série, t. III, p. 22-128, 1925; german translation: Akademische Verlaggesellschaft, Leipzig, 1927; reprinted by Masson, Paris, 1963. — Selected papers on wave mechanics (with Léon Brillouin), Blackie & Son, Glasgow, 1928. — Une tentative d’interpretation causale et non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1956; english translation: Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1960. — La théorie de la mésure en mécanique ondulatoire (interprétation usuelle et interprétation c usale), Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1960. — Etude critique des bases de l—interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1963; english translation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965. — La réinterprétation de la mécanique ondulatoire, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1971. — Contribution to: Foundations of quantum mechanics, Proc. Int. Schools Enrico Fermi, Varenna, 1971. — Les incertitudes d’Heisenberg et l’interprétation probabiliste de la mécanique ondulatoire, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1982 (with a long preface of G. Lochak on The evolution of the ideas of Louis de Broglie on the interpretation of wave-mechanics: translated in English in the Special issue of Found, of Physics devoted to Louis de Broglie, 1982.
11. S Orlov. Foundation of vortex gravitation, cosmology and cosmogony. Global journal of science Frontier.
12. VA Atsurovskiy. General ether-dynamics. Energoatomizdat. Moscow, Russia (1990).
13. S Orlov. "Gravitational Properties of Atom". Journal of Physics & Astronomy (2017).
14. The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe (1977), updated with new afterword in (1993).
15. Walter Hohmann. “The accessibility of the celestial bodies”. Oldenbourg publishing house in Munich (1925).
16. Castka Joseph F., et al. “Modern Chemistry”. Holt, Rinehart and Winston (2002).
17. Dehmelt Hans. "A Single Atomic Particle Forever Floating at Rest in Free Space: New Value for Electron Radius". Physica Scripta T22 (1988): 102-110.

The atomic structure is presented on the basis of the theory of vortex gravitation. The feasibility and calculation of the values of the density and mass of electromagnetic particles are proposed. A calculation is made, which proves that the photon must have mass. In the calculations, some physical characteristics of electromagnetic particles that are accepted by modern physics are refuted.

Keywords: theory of vortex gravity; cosmology and cosmogony; Celestial mechanics

References

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Especially new tendencies in the area of synthetic focus are dynamic in that they exchange the house of expression. Programs based totally on simulated brain are hastily turning into famous in areas such as technology, music, human expression, and science. A new close-up of Christie's Edmund portrait adjustments our modern-day appreciation of the science of synthetic talent and raises questions about the creativeness related with technology. Can craft be seen as resourceful?” Against this background, this lookup makes use of a range of AI functions and modifications the point of view on AI craft and the manufacturing cycle of AI craft to create synthetic intelligence. Show that it is achievable Innovative imagination.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence-generated art; computational creativity; machine learning

.

Since Confined Quantum Field Theory is the extension of the special and general relativity, people may think this is a concern for the people working on astrophysics black hole and so on. But on the contrary its simplicity makes it useable on the everyday modern engineering. All from electrical resistivity to the super conductivity and thermoelectric effect to the crystal growth. In thermoelectric effect we show why two metals must join together and not smelt together to preserve the crystal structure in the both side of the junction. This theory shows how impurities and defect affects performance of the electronic devices in different temperature. Recently in the Crystal Growth and Reproductive Entities article we showed how a bigger crystal eats up a smaller one and the theory was approved by recent experiment.

References

1. Weakness and Problem in Quantum Field Theory, Which Leads to the Development of the Confined Quantum Field Theory.
2. Confined Quantum Field Theory.
3. Do we teach our students the right physics?.
4. Symmetry aspect of Confined Quantum Field Theory.
5. Why the light changes direction in entering the water.
6. Universalities in the Complex Science.
7. Credit Q Zheng., et al. /Nat.Communications https://lnkd.in/dEMKfuss.
8. # #chemistry #university #video #TEM #nanoparticle

Crystal Growth and Reproductive Entities play a more important role in modern technology and in medical physics.

We will use Confined Quantum Field Theory in Crystal Growth and Reproductive Entities which will give us a more fundamental perspective.

References

1. Healthcare-Barometer 2023, PwC Germany (2023).
2. Ries E. “The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses”. Vereinigtes Königreich: Crown (2011).
3. Zierock B. Chaotic Customer Centricity, HCI International 2023 Posters, Springer Nature Switzerland (2023).
4. Spitta I and Spitta T. Software Engineering und Prototyping: Eine Konstruktionslehre für administrative Softwaresysteme. Deutschland: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2013).
5. Ethical Implications of Reshaping Healthcare with Emerging Technologies. (2021). USA: IGI Global.
6. Internet of Things for Human-Centered Design: Application to Elderly Healthcare. Singapur: Springer Nature Singapore (2022).

In an era marked by rapid transformation and shifting priorities, the need for strategic adaptation has never been more critical. Recent findings emphasize the challenges faced by the German healthcare sector in maintaining public approval. With the healthcare landscape evolving, the industry is increasingly recognizing the importance of user-centered design. This article delves into the pivotal role that prototyping and testing, as integral components of user-centered design, can play in revolutionizing the healthcare domain. It explores how these methods can address the unique considerations of healthcare and highlights their potential benefits and challenges.

Moreover, as digital services reshape the German healthcare industry daily, the landscape is characterized by shorter planning cycles, global competition, and stricter regulatory requirements. In this dynamic environment, traditional project management approaches often struggle to keep pace. This article underscores the transformative power of Agile Project Management, a methodology that has redefined how projects and companies operate. Agile principles, known for their adaptability and value-driven focus, are examined in the context of 21st-century demands, shedding light on how they enhance project outcomes and drive organizational success.

Additionally, the article explores the Agile mindset and its alignment with methodologies like Design Thinking, Scrum, and Objectives and Key Results (OKR). The Agile mindset champions customer collaboration, welcomes change as an opportunity, and emphasizes delivering value promptly. It operates on principles such as customer-centricity, iterative development, continuous feedback, flexibility, adaptability, transparency, and collaboration.

In conclusion, prototyping emerges as a central theme, described as the art of transforming ideas into testable realities. It's defined as the process of creating preliminary versions of products or systems to visualize, evaluate, and refine their design and functionality. The article emphasizes the significance of choosing the right fidelity level for prototypes based on project goals and stages, promoting early exploration and iterative refinement throughout the design process.

Keywords: agile; prototyping; healthcare

References

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14. Allen DJ., et al. “Interaction between groundwater, the hyporheic zone and a Chalk stream: a case study from the River Lambourn, UK”. Hydrogeol J 18 (2010): 1125-1141.

Chandigarh is a well planned city and one of the modern cities of India. The city is having spacious roads, lush green gardens, good network of Sewerage and Storm water system. The city also owns a well designed Water supply system. Due to the importance of the city, people all across the country has been settled and enjoy facilities of International level. Chandigarh is the only city which earns its 70% of the revenue helping the govt. to plan its funds in darker zones. This level of service has been achieved by the Municipal Corporation Chandigarh by increasing the reliability of the mechanism involved in water supply from the source to disposal of the water. The optimization of the system also has features like 24 Hrs. Water supply in some sectors, 3 times regular supply in routine to all the sectors, villages and slum colonies. The system include pumping the water from Kajauli Water Works (On Bhakhra Canal), Distt. Ropar, Punjab to Sector 39 Chandigarh, Treatment of water, distribution, metering, disposal and further treating the sewage for recycling purpose. This paper reflects the application of “DFR” in Water Supply System of Chandigarh.

Notes

1. “The obligation is the patrimonial content of the performance owed by the debtor to the creditor. The obligation is not primarily a legal relationship, as are the contract or the legal bond that binds the parties; it is a relationship between two things, between the fact of enrichment and the fact of impoverishment that the law places face to face” BETTI, E. (1955). Teoría General del Negocio Jurídico. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
2. “Smart contracts are mainly based on Blockchain technology. Proof of this is that they share many characteristics with it, such as unchangeability, transparency, security or pseudonymity. For this reason only the specific characteristics of smart contracts will be analyzed now, in order to avoid superfluous reiterations. We can mainly point out that smart contracts are autonomous, which means that they do not require the intervention of the parties for the services that comprise them to be executed. They use a computer language that must be translated into the common language, so that any average citizen can understand its content. Otherwise, the contract could be annulled, as there is a vitiated consent” SÁNCHEZ ÁLVAREZ, E. and GARCÍA PACIOS, A. (2021). Blockchain technology and electronic contracting: critical points of integration of the so-called smart contracts in our contract law system. In Revista CEFLegal, 246, 71–98.
3. “Contractware is the translation of legal (contractual) prose into computer code. The coding incorporates not only the agreements reached but also the consequences that may arise from their fulfillment or non-fulfillment. If, for example, the transfer of a token is formalized, the smart contract is not limited to stating the transfer agreements. It also verifies the data and executes the consequences agreed upon by the signatories. Thus, for example, the code receives the parties’ performances (the payment in cryptocurrencies and the token transfer mandate) and forwards to each party the other party’s performance. Many authors reject that these sequences of code can be considered authentic contracts, since while simple contracts merely incorporate promises of future performance, intelligent ones execute them”.
4. “The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has developed a set of legislative texts to enable and facilitate the use of electronic means in commercial activities, which have been adopted by more than 100 States. The most widely adopted text is the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996), which sets out the rules for equal treatment of electronic and paper-based information and legal recognition of electronic transactions and processes, based on the fundamental principles of non-discrimination in the use of electronic means, functional equivalence and technological neutrality. The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001) provides further rules on the use of electronic signatures.

The United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (New York, 2005) takes as its point of departure the earlier texts of UNCITRAL to become the first treaty to give legal certainty to electronic contracting in international trade.

More recently, the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Documents (2017) applies the same principles to enable and facilitate the use of transferable documents and securities in electronic form, such as bills of lading, bills of exchange, checks, promissory notes and warehouse receipts.

In 2019, UNCITRAL approved the publication of the Notes on key issues related to cloud computing contracts, while continuing to work on the development of a new instrument on the use and cross-border recognition of electronic identity management services and authentication services (trust services)”.

5. “P2P technology can be defined as a network in the form of a backbone, composed of nodes that act as clients and servers of other nodes. When a client enters this system”, it makes a direct connection to one of the latter, where it collects and stores all the information and content available for sharing. It is then a program whose function is to connect users through a serverless network that facilitates the download53 of music, movies, books, photos and software among all other users, free of charge. These files are shared “from computer to computer” by the mere fact of having access to the system”. VARELA PEZZANO, Eduardo Secondo.

Peer-to-peer technologies, author’s rights and copyright. Bogotá: Editorial Universidad del Rosario, 2009.

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8. Szabo N. Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets [PDF File] (1996).
9. Varela Pezzano, Eduardo Secondo Peer-to-peer technologies, author's rights and copyright. Bogotá: Editorial Universidad del Rosario (2009).