Factor XII (FXII) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive inheritad disorder that causes a significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), imitating a coagulation disorder. The distinctive feature of FXII deficit is the absence of clinical bleeding complications and the tendency to thromboembolic events. Our work concerns two patients with factor XII deficiency. At the time of diagnosis, the patients were aged between 10 months and 2 years with no significant medical history. Neither patient presented with hemorrhagic syndrome, with an extended APTT being discovered incidentally during pre-operative testing.
Keywords: factor XII deficiency; inheritad desease; coagulation; thromboembolic events

Food fraud is commonly treated as an economic or labelling offence, although an economically motivated act can create an unanticipated food-safety hazard. This Mini Review examines the emerging food-fraud evidence relevant to Kenya, the pathways through which fraud threatens health and traceability, and the implications of the Food and Feed Safety Control Co-ordination Act, 2026. Kenyan studies have documented milk dilution and inhibitory substances, as well as species substitution in the meat value chain. Additional vulnerabilities affect alcoholic beverages, honey, edible oils, spices, coffee, cereals, fortified foods and packaged products, but nationally representative prevalence data remain scarce. Three controversies shape the field: whether fraud should be governed principally as food safety or economic crime; whether informal markets are uniquely vulnerable or merely more visible; and whether digital traceability and artificial intelligence can prevent fraud without verified physical testing. Kenya's new coordination framework provides an institutional opportunity, but coordination alone will not deliver food authenticity. Priority gaps include the absence of a national incident database, limited denominator-based surveillance, uneven authenticity-testing capacity, weak integration of commercial intelligence with public-health data, and inadequate measurement of economic burden. Future development should combine vulnerability assessment, intelligence-led sampling, tiered analytical methods, interoperable traceability, protected reporting and transparent risk communication. Kenya should therefore govern food fraud as a food-integrity problem at the intersection of public health, consumer protection and economic crime.
Keywords: food fraud; food integrity; economically motivated adulteration; food safety; traceability; Kenya; public health; regulation

Granular cell tumours are rare, typically benign neuroectodermal neoplasms. While most follow an indolent clinical course, a small subset exhibits aggressive behaviour. We report a case of a granular cell tumour of uncertain malignant potential, non-neural type, in an 87-year-old male, presenting as a rapidly growing, ulcerated forehead nodule. Histopathology revealed high-risk features, including nuclear pleomorphism, increased mitotic activity, and perineural invasion. This case highlights diagnostic challenges in histomorphology, immunohistochemistry and application of conflicting diagnostic criteria—namely the Fanburg-Smith and Nasser frameworks—to determine malignancy in the absence of documented metastasis.
Keywords: Granular cell tumour; cutaneous non-melanoma skin cancer; malignant granular cell tumour; non-neural granular cell tumour

Placental abnormalities including battledore placenta can have morbidity and mortality implications for mother and foetus. We reviewed gross and histologic findings of 32 battledore placentas and compared them to 32 normal cord insertion control placentas. Gross and histologic findings with the greatest difference in prevalence compared with controls were intervillous thrombus, arterial medial hypertrophy, acute funisitis, single artery umbilical cord and subchorionic haemorrhage. Battledore placentas did not meaningfully differ from controls regarding prevalence of acute or chronic chorioamnionitis, meconium staining, increased villous capillaries, increased perivillous fibrin deposition, distal villous hypoplasia, infarction, retroplacental haematoma, villous oedema, calcifications or increased syncytial knots. Early identification of battledore placentas may reduce risk of serious clinical conditions associated with maternal vascular malperfusion, infection and haemorrhage.
Keywords: Battledore placenta; maternal vascular malperfusion; ante-partum ultrasound; acute funisitis; subchorionic haemorrhage; pre-eclampsia

Health is more than just the absence of disease; it covers well-being on all levels, including the physical, the psychological, and the social. Oral health should be acknowledged as a vital aspect of overall health instead of a separate clinical issue. Oral health issues have often been overlooked in public health strategies and healthcare development. Incorporating oral health into public health initiatives is crucial for attaining egalitarian, preventive, and patient-centered healthcare.
The World Health Organization (WHO) approximated that in 2019, oral diseases impacted almost 3.5 billion individuals globally, ranking them as some of the most widespread health issues. This challenge underscores the necessity to transition from a mostly treatment-focused dentistry paradigm to a comprehensive strategy that prioritizes prevention, health promotion, early intervention, and universal access to vital services.

The study examined the water quality of boreholes in relation to their closeness to septic tanks. The physicochemical analysis indicated that there was widespread pollution of ground water resources. Electrical conductivity was 1920 ± 200 µS/cm, total dissolved solid content of 920 ± 95 mg/L, nitrogen at 88 ± 10 mg/L, and BOD was recorded to be 7.9 ± 0.9 mg/L in high density building. Statistical significance as shown by ANOVA results indicates spatial variation with F values being as high as 260.9 for salinity and 255.8 for ammonium (p≤0.001). Distance analysis clearly shows contamination gradients as seen in nitrate values of 85 ± 9 mg/L at ≤10 m and 49 ± 5 mg/L at ≥30m even though residual contamination is found beyond the safe limit. There was also very high faecal contamination as total coliforms varied from 180 to 1200 CFU/100 mL and E. coli from 40 to 500 CFU/100 mL at different sitesPathogens like Salmonella spp., Giardia lamblia (8-60 cysts/L), and Cryptosporidium spp. (3-30 oocysts/L) were identified, clearly indicating the high public health hazards associated with the groundwater. However, even with these pathogens present, perception analysis revealed a lower awareness of the contamination and health hazard, as indicated by only 23.1% to 35.2% recognizing contamination. It is recommended in this study that there be strict adherence to setbacks guidelines, urban planning policies, groundwater monitoring, and public health education as groundwater contamination is identified to be due to spatial proximity, institutional inadequacy, and socio-economic issues.
Keywords: Groundwater; Public Health; Coliform; Contamination; Hazard

Recent trends in online advertising have increased the interest of researchers in how it influences young customers’ purchasing decisions. Focusing on their perceptions and attitudes towards online advertising and its effectiveness in influencing their purchasing decisions, the current research aims to assess how it affects young customers’ purchasing decisions. We surveyed a sample of university students who had a good knowledge of online advertising to learn more about their exposure to online advertising, how they felt about it, and how much it affected their purchasing decisions. The findings of the study suggest that young consumers are consistently exposed to online advertising and generally hold positive attitudes towards it. These findings have implications for companies targeting young customers through internet advertising and policymakers responsible for regulating online advertising practices. The results indicate that online advertising significantly influences the purchase decisions of young customers. However, further research is needed to fully understand the intricacies of this relationship.
Keywords: Online advertising; Perceived Quality; Customer Satisfaction; Consumer Buying Behavior

The primary aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) for their potential application in biomedical sensing and drug delivery systems. Specifically, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles are chosen for their known magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and enzyme-mimetic activity, making them suitable for non-enzymatic glucose bio sensing and targeted biomedical applications. Silver nanoparticles are selected due to their high electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and well-documented antimicrobial and drug delivery capabilities, making them ideal for loading and releasing therapeutic agents such as acetaminophen for joint pain management. AgNP’s were made by a simple chemical reduction process, whereas Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were created by co-precipitation. The Precursor material for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) is silver nitrate (AgNO₃), which serves as the metal salt precursor in the process. Aniline acts as the reducing agent in the synthesis process. CTAB is used as a stabilizer for the nanoparticles. SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the structural and morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have an uneven, non-uniform grain size and a cubic spinel shape. Additionally, the rotational and vibrational modes of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effectiveness of the nanoparticles in glucose sensing was confirmed by electrochemical measurement, which showed a linear response to rising glucose concentrations. The drug release efficiency of acetaminophen-loaded AgNP’s was evaluated using an open-ended tube method, achieving 76.23% in vitro drug release efficiency after 24 hours. These findings suggest that Fe₃O₄ and AgNP’s hold significant potential for applications in glucose biosensing and joint pain management.
Keywords: Biomaterials; Bioelectrocatalysis; Sol-gel preparation; Drug Delivery Systems; Antimicrobial Activity; Joint pain formulation; electrochemical sensors & Glucose detection

This critical narrative review examines implementation barriers and facilitators, quantitative evidence, and rural representation in health information interoperability across Latin America and the Caribbean. A purposive corpus of 16 distinct sources was interpreted by evidence type, implementation stage, outcome unit, and rural reporting. Recurring themes included standards, governance, vendor dependencies, financing, workforce capacity, and institutional readiness. Technical demonstrations and participation counts documented activity but did not establish sustained clinical use or exchange success rates. Quantitative findings measured different constructs and units, so no pooled estimate was calculated. Rural evidence included reported connectivity barriers and an offline synchronization approach, but the reviewed corpus did not support a regional rural–urban effectiveness estimate. Future evaluations should report validated exchanges with explicit denominators, distinguish testing from routine use, and describe rural definitions and subgroup outcomes. This is a purposive narrative synthesis, not an exhaustive systematic review or meta-analysis. Within the reviewed corpus, missing rural subgroup outcomes represent an evidence gap rather than proof of poor rural implementation.
Keywords: Health information exchange; Interoperability; Latin America and the Caribbean; Implementation; Rural health

With the technological revolution in the present era, the necessity of highly effective computing solutions is still in the exploration stage. The rapid growth of massive computing requirement applications as well as the limitations of classical computing architectures, the researchers are trying hard to establish the intelligence of Quantum Principles as modern computing solutions as Quantum Intelligence-Enabled Algorithms (QIEAs). Quantum intelligence combines principles stating form quantum principles- superposition, entanglement, probabilistic state representation etc. The Quantum intelligence-based optimizations are amalgamating with intelligent learning paradigms such as AI/ML, evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence etc., for accelerating the accuracy and precision.

The rapid increase of mobile communication devices has raised significant public health concerns regarding human exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. This study presents an experimental assessment of RF power density emissions from seven commercially available mobile phone brands (Redmi, Tecno, Infinix, Samsung, Honour, Itel, and OPPO) operating on fourth and fifth generation (4G/5G) mobile networks. Measurements were conducted at two distances (10.16 cm and 20.32 cm) using a calibrated RF meter, with three replicate readings recorded per device. A total of 246 measurements were obtained and analyzed. The results show that the mean power density at 10.16 cm ranged from 2.63 mW/cm² (OPPO) to 6.41 mW/cm² (Tecno), with a mean value of 5.46 ± 6.91 mW/cm². At 20.32 cm, the mean power density decreased significantly, ranging from 0.28 mW/cm² (OPPO) to 2.34 mW/cm² (Honour), with a mean value of 1.34 ± 2.01 mW/cm². All brands displayed some degree of attenuation with increasing distance, with an average distance attenuation ratio of 4.66. At 10.16 cm, 99.2% of all measurements exceeded the 1.0 mW/cm² general public exposure reference level, but at 20.32 cm, only 49.2% exceeded this threshold. These findings demonstrate that RF power density from mobile phones decreases with distance following the inverse-square law, yet close exposure levels may demand precautionary measures. The study recommends the use of hands-free accessories and maintaining adequate separation distance between the device and the body to minimize RF exposure.
Keywords: Radio frequency radiation; Phone; Electromagnetic field exposure; 4G networks; Specific absorption rate; Public health

The evaluation of new medical concepts and digital health devices for rare diseases is hampered by the scarcity and vulnerability of real-world patient cohorts. Synthetic sampling (Silicon Sampling) using personas driven by large language models (LLMs) offers a promising digital evaluation framework, but one that is biased by ‘algorithmic perfection’: over-rational decision-making, omniscience via retrieval-from- sources (RAG) and sycophancy.
This article establishes a methodological framework based on the meta-ergonomics of falsification and the Adversarial Cognitive Twin (ACT) architecture. Rather than increasing the persona’s theoretical intelligence, we propose to falsify the synthetic agent by injecting it with calibrated cognitive impairments, semantic entropy, reduced user knowledge bases and multi-agent contradiction loops. This methodological constraint enables the simulation of mental load, doubts and user resistance - characteristics specific to clinical reality. An experimental benchmarking protocol based on secondary data enables the measurement of error alignment and the rate of compliance inhibition. This work defines a robust and ethical framework for use, compliant with the requirements of the EU AI Act, positioning the constrained persona as a filter for user resistance prior to in vivo clinical research.
Keywords: Synthetic Patients; Meta-ergonomics; Constructive friction; Rare diseases; Adversarial AI

The historical model of user-centred design (UCD) is based on the creation of deterministic graphical and physical interfaces optimised for human perception. The integration of autonomous agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) and equipped with action capabilities (tool use) is revolutionising this paradigm: the interface no longer addresses humans directly, but becomes an intermediate semantic layer orchestrated by and for the machine. This article analyses this epistemological shift through a comprehensive industrial case study: the design of a next-generation internet box combining a hardware unit, an embedded screen, a companion mobile app and home network/home automation services. We demonstrate how the designer’s workflow is transforming, shifting from the design of static screens to the engineering of ontologies, the definition of semantic action capabilities (tools) and the configuration of agency sliders. Finally, we propose a framework of mixed evaluation metrics (AIX) that enables the computational performance of agents to be assessed whilst preserving the intelligibility and decision-making autonomy of human users.
Keywords: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI); Agent-Centred Design (ACD); Artificial Intelligence Experience (AIX); IoT & Smart Home; Semantic Affordance; Ephemeral Interfaces; Autonomy Governance; Governance of Autonomy

This research paper proposes a broader definition of vibe coding, extending the original one with non-developers and other natural languages than English, introduces the notion of vibe debugging, as well as a sound, complete, and optimal algorithmic methodology for testing and vibe debugging vibe-coded software applications. This methodology is illustrated by applying it to a vibe-coded real-world database application of medium complexity generated with Google AI Studio Pro. We prove that even non-developers can obtain a final bug-free and functional satisfactory application version, even in other languages than English. We also prove that, although Google AI Studio Pro has sophisticated built-in engines for both language analysis, software development, and automated testing, it is still making lot of mistakes, so that testing and vibe debugging of its generated code is a must.
Keywords: vibe coding; vibe debugging; Google AI Studio; relational database design; software application testing and debugging

The hospital is expected to provide treatment, prevent patient harm from avoidable injuries, and guarantee promptness in basic care. Conversely, obtaining medical care in even the most accessible institutions in Bangladesh may involve extensive waiting periods, intricate administrative procedures, unsatisfactory hygiene standards, insufficient diagnostic facilities, and dependence on intermediaries. These issues raise a fundamental inquiry regarding public healthcare: why do patients continue to face obstacles to treatment despite the existence of well-funded governmental infrastructure, such as hospitals and diagnostic tools?

Eighty-five percent of the population lives in rural areas of Malawi, and over 12% currently live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Approximately 88, 000 children are living with HIV and AIDS (Nutor et al., 2020). In response, the Malawian government's clinical approach and HIV/AIDS policy place a special emphasis on children's health (Malawi Government, 2018). As a result, every child receiving clinical services is tested for HIV and AIDS. Maternal and female care are not given top attention in screening or treatment programs. The health of women and children in Malawi may be affected by this policy. That is, because a child's survival depends on the health and well-being of their mother or other primary caregivers, their chances for a fulfilling life are interdependent (Mabetha, De Wet-Billings, et al., 2023).

Women today face many challenges and pressures, from work and family responsibilities to the physical and emotional changes that can come with midlife. Many women balance several roles, where they do not only care for their families but also contribute to the household income. More women than ever are working outside the home, and some hold demanding positions in their workplaces.

Ever since humans appeared and spread across the Earth some 50,000 years ago, they have been constantly on the move. It is worth reviewing the major stages in the evolution of human transportation and the impact these have had on our environment. Initially, a foraging lifestyle prevailed; later, hunting and fishing became the primary modes of subsistence, with travel conducted on foot. By this time, fire was already being used, resulting in localized environmental impacts.

Major changes occurred with the advent of agricultural production—involving the creation of cultivated lands—and the domestication and utilization of free-roaming animals (horses, donkeys, camels, cattle, elephants, dogs, reindeer, etc.) for labor 8,000-10,000 years ago. Harnessing animal traction represented a significant advancement. It was during this period that the environmental burden associated with agriculture began.

Acute appendicitis remains one of the leading causes of surgical acute abdomen and one of the most common surgical emergencies in adults. Although laparoscopic appendectomy remains the standard surgical treatment, recent years have seen a significant shift toward more individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The combined use of clinical scores, biomarkers, and diagnostic imaging can improve risk stratification and reduce negative appendectomies. Computed tomography plays a central role in adults when the initial clinical assessment does not establish the diagnosis, while ultrasound remains a useful tool, particularly when radiation exposure should be avoided. From a therapeutic standpoint, recent evidence supports the possibility of delaying appendectomy for up to 24 hours in selected patients with uncomplicated disease, without a significant increase in adverse outcomes. Antibiotic treatment is also a reasonable alternative for carefully selected patients with uncomplicated appendicitis, provided that adequate imaging assessment and follow-up are available. However, the presence of an appendicolith is associated with a higher likelihood of failure of conservative treatment and complications. In complicated disease, management should be individualized according to perforation, abscess, clinical status, and the feasibility of source control. This review examines the main advances in the contemporary diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis in adults.

Keywords: acute appendicitis; appendectomy; computed tomography; ultrasound; antibiotic treatment; laparoscopic surgery

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers in the world with worrying epidemiological data both in terms of occurrence and demographics, with an ever lower age at diagnosis. In the last decade, an ever increasing focus has been put on the tumor microenvironment and the effect of the microbiome on tumor etiopathogenesis and progression. This paper proposes a focused perspective based on a defined conceptual framework describing how the microbiome's different composition along the gut segments interacts with primary tumor location, perineural invasion, Arginase-1, and tumor associated neutrophils (TANs). This discussion will go in parallel with addressing the impact of these aforementioned players on the clinical outcome of the disease and the embryological, vascular, molecular, and immunological differences influencing tumor sidedness and microbiome-related mechanisms. The importance of such perspective is to aid in the development of new therapies by understanding these underlying targetable mechanisms.