This is Buddhism and Bangla, together with the letter that demonstrated how properly applied science may preserve millions of young lives, yet was ultimately utilized to justify various heinous acts against humanity. Since 1979, with the initiation of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) by the Directorate General of Health Services, a protective barrier for children has been established through vaccination, which has evolved from the administration of the Measles vaccine to the current protocol of administering measles vaccines at 9 months and again at 15 months, with the second dose introduced in 2012. This success story has demonstrated for many years that even highly contagious viruses, such as measles, can be managed with rigorous public health policies and scientific dedication (WHO, 2023).

Dishonor is the loss of honor for an individual or a group believed to have done something unacceptable or morally wrong; people disapprove of them and lose respect for them, which creates embarrassment for the recipients.
Moral failing or bad behavior can apply to an individual, a heterogeneous group, or an organization (a homogeneous group). Therefore, dishonest character or conduct damages personal or collective reputations. An individual's dishonor usually harms the honor of the group to which they belong, depending on their position in the group hierarchy. The higher the position in the group, the greater the impact on the group's reputation.

Infection control in healthcare systems like hospitals, clinics and other community health care centers are obeying well controlled manners including biomedical waste management through proper regulations governed by the concerned government authorities. Infection prevention & control is the practical evidence-based approach preventing patients & health care workers from being infected or harmed by avoidable microbial infections. However, the infection control system in the modern community pharmacies must be modified to protect a healthy population, especially the community pharmacies, which must not be the center to spread infectious microbes towards a healthy person, especially pregnant, children or other immuno-compromised non communicable disease patients. Here we suggest a few things to implement and make sure in all community pharmacies must not be the spots to transfer infections.

Droplet infections are expelled from the respiratory tract when an infected person sneezes, talks or coughs or even breath heavily & these droplets may carry virus, bacteria or other pathogenic microbes that can directly transfer to other persons through direct inhalation or through contacts. Common types of fungal infections like ring worm and other related superficial fungal infections with specific symptoms such as itching, redness, and rashes are easily spread through direct contact or shared items. Here we focus on the role of labor rules & compulsory health insurance for the staff in shopping markets, restaurants & other food shops affecting the spread of infectious diseases.

Objectives: To access the Prevalence of dry eye in patients attending ophthalmology opd in a tertiary care hospital in Kolar-A speed survey.
Method: Cross-sectional observational study done at tertiary care centre, history comprehensive eye examination, including distant visual acuity and near vision was done.
Paper-based SPEED questionnaire was given to the participants. The participants response for the presence or absence, the frequency, and the severity of four dry eye-related symptoms at the time of administration of the questionnaire, 72 hours and 3 months prior to administration of questionnaire. Each symptom was graded, The scoring was done according to the standards indicated in literature.
Results: Among 161 participants, 38% were identified as males, while 62% were females. The average age of the patients enrolled in the study was determined to be 58 years. Of the total 161patients, 18% exhibited normal dry eye symptoms, while 48% moderate dry eye symptoms & 34% had severe symptoms.
Conclusion: SPEED questionnaire for dry eye, is simple instrument for quantifying the severity of the most common dry eye symptoms experienced by patients.
Keywords: Dry eye; SPEED questionnaire

Modern medicine has transformed human survival through developments in surgery, drug therapy, emergency care, and medical diagnostics. Even with these achievements, healthcare systems still spend most of their effort treating illness after it develops rather than preventing it at an earlier stage. As chronic diseases continue to rise across populations, this approach is becoming increasingly unsustainable. Future healthcare must place stronger emphasis on preserving health before disease progresses.

As women age, there is a large increase in the incidence of stroke which has been observed in a number of cases. There is an increased interest in risks and benefits of HRT in females who are  at-risk to CVD and stroke and for this estrogen has been studied in particular. But only limited data of trends is available and hence still the question of ERT to be used for prevention of CHD & stroke remains unanswered.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is progressively incorporated into clinical dentistry, providing instruments for diagnosis, treatment planning, and predictive analytics. Current evidence demonstrates the benefits of AI across dentistry, improving accuracy, efficiency and decision-making. However, ethical and professional oversight and the generalizability and clinical validation of AI are crucial. This editorial aims to present an overview of the benefits, limitations and misunderstandings of using AI in dentistry based on recent systematic reviewed and critical analyses. We present an alternative viewpoints, after reviewing the relevant literature, that replacement, to the dental professionals.

Introduction: As a cause of disability, severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause worldwide. The management of cerebral protection (CP) might play an outcome role in the patient. CP in optimize cerebral metabolism and subsequent agitation, prevent diffusion barriers from being compromised, and protect the brain from any additional insults secondary brain injury. The aim of this study was to analyze short term Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) in patients after CP at the intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and a month after ICU discharge. They are factors associated to the favourable outcome.
Methodology: This is a prospective cohort study that ran from February 2021 to January 2022. After ICU discharge and 1 month after ICU, shorter term outcomes of patients were evaluated discharge using GOS. GOS 4 and 5 was defined as favourable outcome.
We adopted Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE), to conduct bivariate GEE and multivariate GEE then. Thie equations enable the evaluation of the factors associated with favorable outcomes at ICU discharge and one month later.
Result: twenty-seven severe TBI patients who were admitted to ICU within 24 hours of (GOS of 8 and below) were recruited into the study and received CP management. At ICU discharge, the proportion of death was 17% and 0% at one month after ICU discharge. At ICU discharge the proportion of favorable outcomes was 26.1%, and 61.1% after 1 month post discharge.
We evaluated age, measured as odds ratio (OR) = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.99; P =.001) among other factors. Duration of CP (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.84; P = 0.014) and hyperosmolar therapy (OR =0.41; 95% CI 0.21, 0.83; P = 0.013). The study shows significant association.
Conclusion: Younger age group, longer duration of CP and absence of hyperosmolar therapy is associated with favourable outcome. We recommend further clinical trials to assess the long-term outcome of CP.
Keywords: Traumatic brain injury; cerebral protection; Glasgow Coma Scale; Glasgow Outcome Scale

Ankle osteoarthritis is a debilitating condition where biological repair is often overwhelmed by mechanical stress, leading to progressive joint degradation and significant functional impairment in affected individuals. Distraction arthroplasty is a joint preserving procedure that uses an external fixator to unload the ankle joint, creating an environment conducive to natural healing processes. The clinical success of this procedure is driven by a fundamental shift in the joint’s biological environment, transforming it from a state of chronic inflammation and breakdown to one of regeneration and repair. The mechanisms include mechanical offloading, which halts cyclical damage and reduces catabolic signaling; altered joint mechanics through intermittent fluid pressure that stimulates nutrient diffusion and anabolic cell activity; and a molecular shift that creates an anti-inflammatory, pro-regenerative microenvironment. DA is a powerful intervention that co-opts biomechanical principles to initiate a biological healing response in the ankle, offering a viable alternative for patients seeking to preserve joint function.
Keywords: Ankle osteoarthritis; distraction arthroplasty; cartilage repair; biological mechanisms; joint preservation; mesenchymal stem cells

As software systems grow increasingly complex and release cycles accelerate under continuous integration and deployment models, traditional approaches to software testing are struggling to keep pace. Manual test authoring remains labor-intensive and slow, while even AI-assisted test generation tools often operate in static, one-shot modes that fail to account for execution outcomes. In this evolving landscape, the paper “The Rise of Agentic Testing: Multi-Agent Systems for Robust Software Quality Assurance” presents a compelling shift in paradigm. Rather than viewing test generation as a standalone task, the authors propose an autonomous, multi-agent architecture that treats testing as an iterative, feedback-driven process. This concept “termed agentic testing” signals an important step toward self-correcting and adaptive quality assurance systems.

Ransomware continues to pose a critical threat to modern information systems, particularly due to the increasing prevalence of polymorphic and behaviorally evasive variants. This paper proposes a reproducible, forensically auditable machine learning pipeline for multi-class ransomware family classification based on dynamic behavioral features. Using the RanSAP-2022 dataset comprising ten ransomware families, the pipeline automates data ingestion, exploratory analysis, preprocessing, and model evaluation under deterministic controls. Exploratory Data Analysis reveals significant class imbalance, with the largest family accounting for 32.4% of samples and an imbalance ratio of 4.6:1 (Fig. 1), as well as 27% aggregate missingness concentrated in network-related features (Fig. 2). Feature correlation analysis (Fig. 3) identifies moderate behavioral coupling among file system, registry, and API activity features without severe multicollinearity. Six machine learning models are comparatively evaluated using macro-averaged F1-score as the primary metric. Boosting-based ensemble models achieve the strongest performance, with XGBoost attaining 96.1% accuracy and a macro-F1 score of 0.948 (Table 7). Confusion matrix analysis (Fig. 4) demonstrates high precision and recall for majority families, while highlighting reduced recall for minority families due to behavioral overlap. These findings confirm that behavior-based ensemble learning, when embedded in a reproducible and leakage-resistant pipeline, provides both high predictive performance and forensic reliability for ransomware family classification.

Keywords: Ransomware classification; behavioral malware analysis; machine learning; reproducible pipelines; digital forensics

Generative AI (GAI) has now been widely integrated into higher education. While its impact on cognitive abilities (cognitive offloading) has been well-documented, its influence on creativity is less well-understood. This study analysed 12 video game design projects created by 36 second-year computer science students using generative AI tools. Despite the creative power of the tools, the results reveal a strong thematic convergence, with 50-58% of projects set in post-apocalyptic worlds, 75-83% featuring male protagonists and conventional narrative structures. This article discusses the pedagogical implications of this finding and proposes ways to integrate GAI judiciously.

Keywords: generative AI; creativity; cognitive offloading; creative homogenisation; game design; higher education

With the advancing time more and more vehicles usage are increasing. The demand for vehicle manufacturing companies for the production are increasing. However, these vehicles use fossil fuels (petrol or diesel) for operation. As it is known that these fossil fuels are limited in quantities. Hence alternative options have come to use electric vehicles which uses electric power to store energy in batteries. The electric power can come from either renewable or non renewable sources. But these electric vehicles have its own merits and demerits.

This research paper introduces two new constraint types and four subtypes of database constraints added to our (Elementary) Mathematical Data Model, which are the duals of the existence and non-existence ones. They are formally defined, characterized, and exemplified with real-life instances. The well-formedness, satisfiability, coherence, and minimality of sets of all 7 subtypes of existence constraints are studied. Corresponding SQL-embedded pseudocode algorithms for managing such sets are provided and proved to be of constant complexity, sound, complete, and optimal. Also provided are algorithms for enforcing these new types of constraints, called inexistence and anti-existence. Their characterization proves that they have linear complexity in the sum of the arities of the function (Cartesian products) involved, and are sound, complete, and optimal as well. All these algorithms were implemented in both versions of our intelligent data and knowledge base management system prototype MatBase, which automatically generates code for enforcing all the 7 subtypes of existence constraints.

Keywords: (Elementary) Mathematical Data Model; MatBase; anti-existence constraint; inexistence constraint; existence constraint; non-existence constraint; conceptual data modeling; database design; non-relational constraints enforcement; null values management

In digital contact tracing, a user’s device exchanges proximity data with nearby devices, and this data includes identifiers associated with the user. When a user tests positive, the proximity data stored on their device is analysed to identify others who may have been exposed. Once these individuals are identified, manual contact tracing is initiated for further follow-up. Multiple contact-tracing solutions exist today: some are designed for closed user groups, some for national populations, and others are open systems without clearly defined boundaries. However, these isolated solutions are insufficient for a world with high levels of global mobility. Ideally, a contact-tracing system should be global, interoperable, and capable of supporting seamless mobility across regions. Designing such a system presents several challenges, including scalability. In this study, we propose a proximity-data encoding approach that enables scalable centralized, distributed, and federated contact-tracing architectures. Our federated and distributed models support the coexistence of diverse identifiers and proprietary encryption methods. The federated approach enables user mobility while allowing each country to maintain control over its citizens’ data.

Keywords: Contact Tracing; Encoding; TraceTogether; Exposure Notification; Proximity Identifier; Federated; Distributed; Bluetooth Low Energy; Global mobility