The increasing connectivity and complexity of modern systems, from Industrial Control Systems (ICS) to Internet of Things (IoT) networks, have dramatically expanded the attack surface for cyber threats. Traditional security frameworks struggle to adapt to the dynamic nature of these environments and often rely on static perimeter-based defenses or rigid policy enforcement. This study introduces the Cognitive Zero-Trust Resilience Framework (CZTRF), a novel approach that integrates cognitive computing capabilities with zero-trust architectural principles to create a self-evolving security posture. Unlike conventional frameworks, CZTRF continuously analyzes the operational environment, threat intelligence, and system vulnerabilities to dynamically adjust security controls. By leveraging machine learning to refine the Integrated Cyber Risk Management (ICRM) equation variables in real time, the framework quantifies risk more accurately and automatically implements proportional countermeasures. CZTRF extends beyond traditional zero-trust by incorporating resilience metrics that measure a system's ability to prepare for, absorb, recover from, and adapt to adverse cyber events. The simulation results demonstrate that CZTRF significantly improves threat prediction accuracy, reduces response time, and enhances system resilience compared with static security frameworks. This study presents the theoretical foundations, architectural components, implementation methodology, and validation results of the CZTRF, offering a comprehensive approach to securing increasingly complex connected systems against evolving cyber threats.
Keywords: adaptive cybersecurity; cognitive computing; connected systems; machine learning, OT/ICS security; quantitative risk assessment; resilience; zero-trust architecture

This paper presents the FLUENT model, Flexible Universal Education Model for a New Hybrid Teaching, a framework for university course planning developed within the Erasmus+ project through a design-based research approach. Rooted in empirical evidence from systematic literature reviews (PRISMA), stakeholder interviews, and cross-national surveys, the model addresses the growing complexity of hybrid education by promoting flexibility, personalization, interaction, collaboration, and adaptability across both face-to-face and online contexts. Underpinned by constructivist and cognitive psychology theories, FLUENT views learning as an active process of knowledge construction, emphasizing competency-based learning and structured learning paths. Its key structural elements - time, space, technology, student agency, and teacher reflectivity - guide the design of reversible, inclusive, and context-sensitive learning environments. A core innovation is the model’s online-first perspective, which ensures readiness for shifting teaching modalities and diverse learner needs. Accompanying the model is the FLUENT curriculum and a modular online course (launching Winter 2024/25), offering practical implementation tools for educators. Developed collaboratively by institutions across four European countries, FLUENT offers a scalable, research-informed approach to hybrid pedagogy - equipping faculty to design engaging, student-centred courses and respond effectively to contemporary challenges in higher education.
Keywords: Hybrid Teaching; Design-Based Research; Course Planning; Flexible Learning; Student Agency; Competency-Based Education

The objective of this study was to study chemical kinetics of transected biodiesel production under high voltage electric field. Experimental investigation was carried out with methanol and Tung oil at molar ratio of 8:1 with 20 kV power supply for high voltage electric field. The starting of glycerin separation occurred within 1 min after plasma field generation and the process finished after 10 minutes for 100 ml of Tung oil of which the obtained biodiesel was 97 ml.
Study on chemical kinetics of biodiesel production, it was found that apparent activation energy was about 34.97 kJ/mol. The reaction rate equation was best approximated with a pre-exponential factor of 284.18 s^-1.
Keywords: Biodiesel; Effects of electrode configuration; Electric Field Technique

Purpose: To juxtapose recent meta-analytic effect sizes for adaptive-behavior interventions in autism with domain-level deficits observed in a multicultural Vineland-3 clinical cohort (N = 16).

Methods: Eight systematic reviews (k = 119 trials) were identified through a PRISMA-compliant search (May 11, 2025). Hedges' g values were compared with baseline standard-score gaps in the Vineland-3 Communication, Daily Living Skills (DLS), Socialization, and the Adaptive Behavior Composite (ABC). Risk of bias was appraised with RoB 2/ROBINS-I.

Results: Pooled meta-analytic gains were moderate for Communication (g = 0.63) and Socialization (g = 0.53) but attenuated by 0.29 SD per year above age 9. The clinical cohort’s Communication mean was 54 (1.5 SD below norms) and declined by 4 points per year (ρ = -.71). DLS was the “strongest” domain (M = 63), yet it was 2.5 SD sub-normative; meta-analytic g = 0.49 covered only 20% of that gap. Six participants (38%) met the criteria for maladaptive cut-offs.

Conclusions: Meta-analytic effect sizes achieve meaningful coverage only when delivered ≥ 20 h/week before age nine years. Expressive-language weakness and widening adaptive gaps in bilingual contexts require Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions with augmentative communication support, plus sustained DLS coaching.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder; adaptive behavior; Vineland-3; support lysis; multicultural

Background: Modern medicine, with its technological and scientific advances, occupies a central place in contemporary healthcare systems. However, its adoption and integration vary considerably according to cultural and social contexts. Among the indigenous Yahuma pygmy peoples, whose medical traditions are deeply rooted in a holistic relationship with nature and spirit, the encounter with modern medicine raises complex questions.
Objective: this qualitative study aimed to explore the perceptions and representations that these communities have of modern medicine, highlighting the cultural, social and symbolic dynamics that influence their relationship to these practices.
Methods: using a phenomenological qualitative approach, the study focuses on issues of identity, logics of trust or mistrust, and interactions between local knowledge and biomedicine. This work thus contributes to a broader reflection on the plurality of healthcare systems and the need to devise inclusive models that respect cultural diversity.
Results: Perceptions of modern medicine vary, from a strong preference for its effectiveness to criticism of its undesirable effects and inaccessibility. Attitudes towards the modernization of health care thus reveal a duality, with part of the community ready to embrace biomedicine if it is made accessible, while others insist on the importance of preserving traditional knowledge.
Conclusion: an inclusive approach that takes into account the socio-economic and cultural realities of the Yahuma Pygmies is necessary. It seems appropriate to promote complementarity by developing strategies adapted to local needs and specificities.
Keywords: Perceptions; Modern medicine; Indigenous people; Pygmy; Yahuma

Across the Indian subcontinent, herbal remedies and other natural treatments are easily available for the treatment of farm animals. The study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of different materials that are historically used in Bangladesh to treat wounds. There were 36 incised wounds on the twelve Blank Bengal goats (three on each animal). Three groups of goats were used: Group A served as the control group, Group B received turmeric paste treatment, and Group C received cotton ash treatment. Data were collected on follow-up from the first postoperative day to the twenty-first. Additionally, morphological features such as wound swelling, the width of the sutured area, wound contractions, and the length of time the wound took to heal were recorded. On days 1, 4, and 8 of the operation, blood samples and tissue biopsies were collected for hematological and histological investigation. When comparing wounds treated with cotton ash to other groups, the contraction (0.27±0.01 mm), swelling of the suture area (0.37±0.03 mm), and elevation line of the suture (1.43±0.05 mm) were all lowest (P<0.05). According to histological investigations, on day eight of group B's wound, epithelial regeneration and healthy collagen fibers appear in the subcutis, whereas the keratin layer of epidermis appears thick and a huge accumulation of carbon particles beneath the muscularis layer in the wound treated with ash. We may conclude that goat skin lesions can be treated with cotton cloth ash in addition to other herbal medicines. Ash ointment and turmeric paste are both beneficial, but turmeric paste accelerates recovery more quickly.
Keywords: cotton ash; turmeric paste; wound healing; histopathology; goats

Based on extensive global research into complex healthcare systems and the persistent challenge of patient safety, the prevalence of healthcare-related harm continues to be a significant concern. This study sought to identify recurring themes in organizational incidents, develop a targeted training program, and assess its efficacy in augmenting patient safety knowledge among healthcare professionals. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study encompassed a survey to evaluate the impact of organizational training on clinicians' patient safety knowledge, alongside a comprehensive review of incident reports, which identified seven common themes for improvement. The study proposed a model emphasizing seven focus areas for improving clinical care and preventing medical malpractice, stressing the importance of evidence-based practices and organizational learning. The resulting training program comprised 13 sessions attended by 141 staff members, including physicians, nurses, allied healthcare workers, and managers. Results indicated that 71% of participants concurred that a patient safety curriculum developed from organizational scenarios could enhance clinical care and reduce instances of medical negligence. Furthermore, the study underscored inadequate communication, insufficient documentation, and failure to escalate as primary contributors to patient safety events.
The analysis of organizational incidents and case reviews was found to significantly contribute to patient safety and care quality, offering valuable insights for improvement. To bolster safety frameworks and augment care quality, it is recommended to prioritize and invest in the identified focus areas. The study also suggests replicating the research in multiple organizations to enhance generalizability and develop more robust models for patient safety.

In an era defined by rapid technological advancements, the intersection of engineering and human-centered considerations has never been more critical. While engineering disciplines traditionally focus on problem-solving, optimization, and efficiency, there is a growing recognition of the role that empathy plays in shaping innovative solutions. As we delve into this issue of PriMera Scientific Engineering, we explore a range of topics that illustrate how engineering is not just about machines and systems but also about the people who design, use, and benefit from them.

The construction industry is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions, responsible for nearly 40% of global emissions when including both building operations and construction activities (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], n.d.). With urbanization on the rise and increasing global demand for new buildings, this sector's environmental impact is expected to grow. However, by shifting focus to recycling and reusing construction waste, the industry can significantly reduce its carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future.

A Solid-State Transformer (SST) is an advanced power electronic device that replaces conventional transformers by integrating power semiconductor technology, high-frequency transformers, and control circuits. SSTs offer superior efficiency, controllability, and compact size compared to traditional transformers. They play a crucial role in modern power grids, renewable energy integration, and smart grid applications.

With the deepening of China's aging society, smart elderly care has become an important way to promote high-quality development of the aging industry. The all-round popularization of digital life has highlighted the digital barriers faced by the elderly population. This article explores the positive impact of AIGC images on the social status and emotional value of the elderly population in the process of integrating into digital life in different cultural fields in the East and the West through cross-cultural research methods and social change research perspectives. Through in-depth analysis of the characteristics of AIGC images, such as the reproduction of over time dimensions, expression of over spatial dimensions, dissemination of over cultural dimensions, and creation of over artistic dimensions, the article focuses on the restoration, reproduction, reconstruction, and creation of diverse values in AIGC images. The article explores the three levels of self psychological reconstruction, community relationship reconstruction, and market subject reproduction for the elderly population to achieve their own well-being. Research suggests that AIGC imaging provides new possibilities and technological pathways for the integration of elderly people into digital life in different cultural contexts. It also offers a new implementation field for the positive psychological construction of smart living among the elderly population, and provides new references for AIGC imaging product design and market development.
Keywords: cross-cultural design; elderly well-being; AIGC imaging; caring design; intelligent old-age care

As global reliance on digital infrastructure intensifies, the financial ramifications of cybersecurity incidents have become a critical concern for organizations worldwide. Quantifying and predicting these financial losses is essential for effective risk management, yet it remains a significant analytical challenge. This study addresses this problem by analyzing a decade of global cybersecurity threat data (2015-2024) to model the financial impact of cyber attacks, evaluate the predictive power of various machine learning models, and identify underlying incident archetypes. Employing a multi-stage methodology, the research began with an exploratory data analysis, followed by a comparative evaluation of four regression models: Linear Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Regression. Feature importance was extracted from the models, and K-Means clustering was used to derive a data-driven taxonomy of incidents. The study reveals a persistent and costly threat landscape with no significant decrease in resolution times over the decade. A crucial insight emerged from the predictive modeling: a simple Linear Regression model showed weak but positive predictive power. In contrast, more complex non-linear models failed, producing negative R² scores and indicating a propensity to overfit. The most significant predictors of financial loss were identified as the “Number of Affected Users” and “Incident Resolution Time.” Finally, the clustering analysis successfully segmented incidents into distinct archetypes, such as “Mass Data Breach” and “High-Stakes Targeted Attack.” This research concludes that noisy, linear relationships govern the financial ramifications of cyber attacks and underscores the principle of model parsimony, providing a quantitative framework for understanding cyber risk and the primary factors that mitigate financial damage.
Keywords: Cybersecurity; Risk Management; Predictive Modeling; Machine Learning; Regression Analysis; Financial Loss Prediction; Data Breach; Threat Intelligence; K-Means Clustering; Random Forest

The preservation and transmission of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) face significant challenges in today’s globalised world, mainly when teaching complex traditional handicraft techniques that involve repetitive and precise hand movements. This study explores the application of Mixed Reality (MR) technology combined with gesture recognition to enhance the teaching and training of these repetitive movements, focusing on the thread-winding process in Yunnan-style kite making as a case study. MR enables learners to interact with virtual materials in a simulated environment, while gesture recognition, implemented using Google’s MediaPipe, captures and evaluates hand movements in real time.

By comparing learners’ gestures with the movements of skilled artisans, the MR system provides immediate feedback to correct technique and improve accuracy. The research demonstrates that MR-assisted gesture recognition significantly enhances the standardisation of repetitive movements, improves teaching quality, and reduces training time and material costs. Importantly, repetitive actions—essential to mastering traditional handcrafts—benefit from the immersive, interactive feedback that MR provides, helping learners refine their movements through continuous practice.

This study contributes to the growing field of digital heritage education by showcasing how MR can modernise the transmission of traditional craft skills. In addition, it highlights the potential of gesture recognition technology in advancing the teaching and training of intricate motor skills in ICH practices. The experimental results suggest that MR-based systems could be valuable in preserving and promoting craftsmanship by offering scalable, cost-effective training solutions.

Keywords: Mixed Reality; Gesture Recognition; MediaPipe; Intangible Cultural Heritage; Traditional Handicrafts

1. The concept of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has become recognized as a distinct field in structural engineering in the 1980s with the aim of using sensors to monitor the response of structures like buildings and bridges, in order to detect damage and improve safety. The SHM WW market is estimated to USD 3-7 billion, with an expected growth rate of 10 - 20% over the coming years.

New technologies in data analysis such as Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) makes it possible to estimate mass and stiffness distributions in structures and therefore also makes it possible to detect damage as a change in stiffness and localize the damage in the structure using an updated finite element model called a digital twin.

In this way, the SHM becomes the ultimate tool to provide the information needed to optimize the value of decisions concerning maintenance and life cycle issues.

Attempting to interact positively with artificial intelligence (AI) from a psychological perspective requires understanding the dynamics of its impact on the environment of human perception, the nature of social relations, and the ability to make decisions. However, with this and that, it must be noted that there is a chemical link that connects humans to artificial intelligence in its various forms, and this link can be expressed by a linear equation represented by the following:

Taste - inclination - direction – values

When talking about this linear equation, we find that it is concentrated in the human thumbprint with its twisted formations on each other. Through taste, a human being has an innate readiness to accept a technology, robot, or application, through inclination, a person falls in love with a technical product that produces behaviors that mimic his behaviors in life, repeats what he loves and avoids what he hates. Through direction, a person gets lost in the paths of thinking and observing facial expressions and body language on speaking technology that interacts with the intellectual hypotheses that a person believes in and it translates it into behaviors and actions that are difficult to believe except from one side, which is artificial intelligence. As for values, artificial intelligence was able to return the cloning experience to the table of human thought and an attempt to believe in that by implementing steps and operations that carry within them respect for moral mechanisms and established principles in society.

The field of surgery is undergoing a revolutionary transformation with the advent of autonomous robotic systems. While robotic-assisted surgery (e.g., the da Vinci system) has been a mainstay in operating rooms for decades, the next frontier is fully autonomous surgical robots capable of performing complex procedures with minimal human intervention. This emerging trend promises unparalleled precision, reduced human error, and improved patient outcomes—ushering in a new era of surgical innovation [1].

Hysteroscopy is pivotal in assessing and managing intrauterine abnormalities that impact fertility. Although it is the gold standard for uterine cavity evaluation, it is often relegated to a secondary role due to its invasive nature and cost. This article provides a comprehensive review of the indications, benefits, and outcomes associated with hysteroscopy in infertility, focusing on recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and operative interventions. The review also integrates current evidence and global guidelines while emphasizing the need for individualized, evidence-based fertility care.

Keywords: Hysteroscopy; Infertility; Recurrent Implantation Failure; Polyps; Fibroids; Asherman’s Syndrome; Endometrial Receptivity; Dydrogesterone; ART

In the era of the modern food industry, food packaging has attracted much interest because it helps to protect food from environmental factors and in maintain its the integrity. Aluminum, widely used as containers, foils and pouches in packaging of hot foods, snacks and beverages. Many studies have shown that Aluminum content is increased in brains of patients with Parkinson’s (PD) and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). It has been suspected that leaching of Aluminum from the food packaging is one of the main reasons. Hence in this work, a biopolymer barrier tested for its ability to reduce Aluminum leaching into food.
Chitosan, a biopolymer, that is non-toxic and biodegradable has film forming and antimicrobial properties can be used as a barrier to prevent the leaching of aluminum into food. Hot rice (approximately. 60°C) was used as a sample for the experiment. Hot rice was wrapped in aluminum foil and chitosan coated aluminum foil for 90 minutes. Aluminum content was detected using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for only rice; rice in aluminum foil and rice in chitosan coated aluminum foil and found to be 2.81ppm, 3.29 ppm and 2.87 ppm respectively. The results obtained implied that chitosan acts as a barrier suggesting that chitosan coated aluminum foil can be used to reduce the leaching of aluminum to food and hence minimise the adverse effects of aluminum intake on the body.
Keywords: Food packaging; Aluminum leaching; Aluminum toxicity; Chitosan biopolymer; ICP-OES

Background: Fibrin formation in platelet concentrates (PCs) is a common yet underrecognized complication that compromises their clinical utility. This study investigates whether systemic inflammation in blood donors—quantified by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels—is associated with increased risk of fibrin deposition in PCs.
Methods: We conducted a prospective, controlled observational study including 60 standard PCs derived from whole blood. Platelet morphology, fibrin presence, and CRP levels were evaluated at 12 h and 72 h post-production. Phase-contrast microscopy was used to assess platelet activation.
Results: 71.7% (n=43) of PCs showed fibrin at 72 h. In this group, 65.1% of donors had CRP ≥10 µg/L, compared to 29.4% in controls (p = 0.0203). Platelets from fibrin-positive PCs demonstrated pronounced pseudopodia and activation profiles. Fibrin prevalence was higher in autumn-winter, coinciding with increased systemic inflammation due to seasonal infections.
Conclusion: Elevated donor CRP correlates with fibrin formation in PCs. Pre-donation CRP screening is a cost-effective and feasible measure to enhance the quality and usability of PCs.

The tailored forehead flap is an innovative technique described by our group. In this technique, we avoid the use of skin graft for the donor defect on the forehead. As a result of technique modification, the aesthetic outcome is good with little postoperative deformity. The learning curve is short and this technique could be useful for moderate size defects of the nasal dorsum and periorbital areas after excision of local BCC lesions. Flaps are generally required when 2 or more subunits are affected [1].
Keywords: aesthetic forehead flap; innovation; technical nuances

Background: COVID-19 relapse, or "rebound," has emerged as a recognized phenomenon during the post-pandemic period, particularly in patients receiving antiviral therapies such as nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid). While often clinically mild, such rebounds raise concerns regarding viral transmission, patient management, and long-term therapeutic strategies.

Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, diagnosis, risk factors, and management strategies associated with post-treatment COVID-19 relapse.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted using recent clinical studies, epidemiological data, and mechanistic models published between 2022 and 2025. Particular emphasis was placed on immune response dynamics, treatment timing, and population-specific vulnerabilities.

Results: COVID-19 relapse is most commonly observed 2-8 days after completing antiviral therapy, with preserved target cells and incomplete viral clearance identified as key contributing factors. Early initiation of antiviral therapy, immunosuppression, high comorbidity burden, and steroid use have all been associated with increased relapse risk. While rebound is not exclusive to any single antiviral agent, current evidence suggests that extending treatment duration or tailoring regimens to high-risk populations may reduce recurrence. Most rebound cases remain typically mild and transient, but proper diagnosis and isolation remain essential to limit transmission.

Conclusion: Understanding COVID-19 relapse is crucial for improving patient outcomes and guiding future antiviral strategies.

Further research needed: Optimize treatment timing Strengthen immune response monitoring, and Prevent relapse in vulnerable populations.

Keywords: COVID-19 relapse; Viral rebound; Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir); SARS-CoV-2; Antiviral therapy; Immune response dynamics; Reinfection vs. relapse; Post-treatment rebound; COVID-19 rebound risk factors

Medical images play a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment. However, as digital technologies transform healthcare, medical data—including images—face growing risks of leakage, tampering, and misuse. These vulnerabilities pose serious threats to patient privacy, highlighting the urgent need for more secure and transparent solutions to manage sensitive health information.

Refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) represents a critical medical emergency, with high mortality and limited response to advanced resuscitation protocols. This review aims to identify the current causes, electrocardiographic features, pathophysiology, and emerging evidence-based treatments through 2025.

Traumatic diaphragmatic injury is not an uncommon consequence of blunt or penetrating trauma to the abdomen or thorax. It may present acutely with hemodynamic and respiratory compromise and may be associated with significant injuries to other organs. However, it can also be missed during the initial trauma evaluation and manifest later as a diaphragmatic hernia with severe complications [1].

In the Japanese anime Cells at Work!, anthropomorphized cells patrol blood channels, fight off invading germs, and keep the body in perfect operation. It gives a simpler but still interesting picture of how cells work together, protect themselves, and fix things to keep balance at the cellular level. The series is fun, and its point is straightforward: the body is a battleground of tiny complexity, and early detection and tailored response are key to survival.

Objectives: Delaying parenthood is prevalent among women in high-income countries, with the average age of childbirth being 30 in Europe. Factors like finding a compatible partner, education, and professional advancement contribute to this issue. Lack of knowledge about fertility potential and aging affect fertility. Understanding the age-related relationship is crucial for informed decision-making. The purpose of this study was to determine how well-informed women were about the efficacy of assisted reproductive technologies in treating infertility, as well as how aging affects fertility.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in infertility clinic at king Salman Bin Abdulaziz medical city with patients in in Al Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. A validated questionnaire was used to interview the women. The total knowledge score (TKS) is the sum of two scores: knowledge and awareness of the effects of aging on fertility advanced maternal age, or (AMA) and pregnancy outcomes when using assisted reproductive technology (ART). The questionnaire also includes socio-demographic information. The availability of the data was enabled by women who answered a questionnaire and gave their informed consent.
Results: There were estimated to be 85 women (41.9%) in the age group ≤ 35. The women reported having been infertile for three to five years was (38.0%). Women who answered the questionnaire stated that ovulatory (29.1%), unexplained (22.2%), and male factors (12.3%) were the most common causes of infertility. Of the participants, 45.3% had completed their university education, while 43.4% reported making less than 5,000 SAR. Their doctors (26.6%) and the Internet/TV (25.1%) were their primary sources of fertility-related information. The (TKS) mean was 34.8%, the (AMA) was 39.0%, and the (ART) was 30.6%. Fertility knowledge was found to be low.
Conclusions: The study highlights a lack of information on aging's impact on fertility and the potential benefits of assisted technology. It suggests that women should have more knowledge about reproduction to prevent infertility and improve preconception health. Fertility health education should be integrated into health promotion programs, focusing on social media and healthcare settings.
Keywords: TKS; AMA; ART; Fertility; Age; Awareness

The oxidative stress present in inflammation, cellular damage, and the progression of a disease contributes to the factors of gynaecological disorders. The management of gynaecological disorders can be handled by the use of antioxidants. This article reviews advanced topics of antioxidants involved in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, ovarian cancer, menopause, and menopause related disorders. We highlight clinical evidence where institutional procedural treatment is effective in treating reproductive issues and these patients are responsive to symptom relief and treatment enhancement via antioxidants C and E, selenium, vitamins, and polyphenols. A discussion of antioxidants for menopause disorders synergized with conventional therapies and additional supplementation demonstrated an effective outcome related to dietary interventions focusing on personal health needs. Benefits of adopting an antioxidant strategy align with dosage, timing of intervention, and customizing for each unique patient to reduce perils and maximize value. Detailed analysis is prompted to develop appropriate approaches for prolonged exposure to antioxidants in gynaecological patients needing clearer revealing plans of treatment through rigorous investigation around these essential interventional strategies. Notably, these revealed indispensable methods finalizes that using antioxidants can help enhance other treatment solutions.
Keywords: Gynaecological disorders; Oxidative stress; Therapy; Antioxidants

The human brain is made up of a large network of nerve cells that communicate in complex ways. For many years, scientists have been trying to understand how it works. Recently, a big step forward has been made with Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). These systems can turn brain signals directly into actions, without needing muscles or movement. This is becoming a powerful tool in medicine, giving new hope to people with serious brain or nerve injuries.

Acute lower extremity nerve compression syndromes due to retroperitoneal haematomas within the psoas major and iliacus muscle compartments are increasingly common clinical entities. Historically these were rare clinical presentations associated with haemophilia & other bleeding diathesis [1]; however, the increased utilisation of anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications in clinical practice has contributed to a rising incidence of haemorrhagic complications [2]. Associated with this is an apparent increase in the incidence of retroperitoneal haematomas and consequent nerve injuries.
There is limited awareness of the neurological sequelae of retroperitoneal haematomas amongst clinicians, leading to delays in diagnosis and management observed within clinical practice [3, 4] which may contribute to adverse clinical outcomes. This is further compounded by the lack of clear guidelines for diagnostic investigations, management and rehabilitation protocols [5]. Available literature is largely restricted to case reports and case series/reviews that are limited by both their heterogeneity and the use of non-uniform language.
This article aims to reflect the current state of knowledge around this clinical issue by reviewing the available scientific publications, alongside the authors’ clinical insights and reasoning in order to improve awareness amongst clinicians.