Cytokines play a central role in immune regulation, normally maintaining serum levels below the threshold for systemic activation. In pathological conditions, however, they may be excessively or insufficiently expressed, contributing to immune imbalance. This study explored the effects of microdoses of autologous cytokines fractionated into α and β subunits, hypothesizing that α subunits exert inhibitory modulation while β subunits stimulate endogenous activity. Two patients with altered cytokine profiles were included: one with interleukin-2 (IL-2) overexpression and one with reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6). Peripheral blood was processed to isolate cytokines, using plasma separation, magnetic microspheres, and differential centrifugation. The IL-2 α fraction was administered intramuscularly in the first case, aiming to downregulate expression, while the IL-6 β fraction was given in the second case to stimulate production. Cytokine levels were assessed before treatment, after treatment, and at six months. Both patients showed clinical improvement. IL-2 progressively decreased in the first case, while IL-6 increased and IL-2 decreased in the second, with values returning to physiological ranges. No adverse effects were observed. These findings suggest that administration of autologous cytokine fragments, separated into functional subunits, may offer a selective and well-tolerated strategy for modulating immune responses. Larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results and better define clinical applications.
Keywords: immunomodulation; cytokine modulation; biological therapy; autologous therapy; low-dose immunotherapy

A recent study on the UAV industry in Thailand highlights the challenges and opportunities facing entrepreneurs in this sector. The research, based on surveys and interviews with industry leaders, sheds light on the impact of import policies on local production costs. The results showed that the majority of UAV companies imported UAVs for specific missions such as agriculture, surveying, and individual entertainment. A small portion of UAV companies imported components such as batteries, motors, and propellers for assembly in Thailand. However, companies importing UAV components face higher import taxes compared to those importing finished UAVs due to the current promotion policies of the Board of Investment of Thailand (BOI). This increases production costs for entrepreneurs in Thailand. To address this issue, tax rates should be reconsidered to allow operators to compete equally in the market, benefiting both entrepreneurs and consumers in Thailand.
Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle; Supply Chain; Thailand; Drone

The growing urbanization, combined with increasingly strict air quality regulations, requires innovative approaches to manage air pollution, particularly from vehicular emissions. One of the most widely used methods to regulate air pollution in cities is the implementation of the called low emission zones (LEZs), areas of a city in which certain vehicles are restricted or their use is discouraged through economic fees. This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for the implementation and management of low emission zones, integrating advanced air pollution dispersion models and traffic flow simulations. The proposed approach uses the SUMO model for traffic simulation and the GRAL model for high-resolution pollutant dispersion, supported by meteorological data from the WRF and GRAMM models. The method ensures accurate delimitation of LEZs and enables effective monitoring of air quality both before and after its implementation. The methodology was successfully applied in several European cities, demonstrating its adaptability and effectiveness. The results showed significant improvements in air quality predictions, thereby validating the proposed LEZs and contributing to the broader goals of urban air quality management.
Keywords: Low Emission Zones (LEZS); Modelling; Pollution; Digital Twin; Traffic Flow Simulation

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, particularly the breakthrough progress of deep learning technologies, the field of medical image segmentation has achieved remarkable improvements in both accuracy and efficiency. These technological advancements have greatly fostered innovation in modern healthcare systems, playing a crucial role in enhancing diagnostic precision and treatment efficiency. This paper focuses on addressing the challenge in medical image segmentation decoders, which often struggle to balance global contextual understanding with local detail representation. To overcome this limitation, an improved Large Kernel Separable Attention (LSKA) module is proposed. By analyzing the quadratic parameter growth problem that occurs when the number of feature channels increases in LSKA, two enhanced modules are designed: the Sparse Full-channel LSKA (LSKA-SF) and the Local-channel Large Separable Kernel Attention (LLSKA). LSKA-SF introduces sparsity through group convolution to effectively reduce parameter complexity, while LLSKA enhances feature representation via local cross-channel interactions, successfully mitigating the quadratic parameter growth trend. Based on these improvements, this study constructs a hybrid U-shaped segmentation network named Transformer-LLSKA UNet, which integrates a Transformer encoder and an LLSKA-based decoder to efficiently model both global contextual information and local spatial details. Experimental results demonstrate that Transformer-LLSKA UNet achieves outstanding segmentation performance on multiple organ datasets, including the aorta, liver, and spleen. Specifically, it achieves an average Dice coefficient of 83.43% and an HD95 of 15.15, indicating significant improvements in segmentation accuracy and boundary precision. These results validate the superior generalization ability and practical value of the proposed model, highlighting its potential to advance intelligent medical image analysis and clinical decision-making applications.
Keywords: LSKA; LLSKA; Transformer; UNet

Breast cancer is among the most common cancers in women worldwide and has notable international implications. Although the number of survival have upgraded due to medical advances, it is still considered as one of the leading causes of death. Artificial intelligence (AI), especially deep learning, is playing a key role in medicine, particularly in oncology, where early detection helps lessening mortality rate by allowing quicker action and more effective treatment. A comprehensive comparative analysis of machine learning and deep learning approaches for breast cancer prediction using the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset is presented by this study. 29 traditional machine learning algorithms and neural network architectures, evaluating their performance through multiple metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC curves, has been evaluated. Our study shows that traditional machine learning methods, especially Logistic Regression reaches a higher ranking performance with 98.2% accuracy, outperforming deep learning perspective. The study provides insights into feature correlations, dimensionality reduction techniques, and model interpretability for clinical decision support systems.
Keyword: Machine Learning; Deep Learning; Neural Networks; Artificial Intelligence; Breast Cancer; Wisconsin Dataset; Medical Diagnosis

This paper presents a pseudocode algorithm for translating Entity-Relationship data models into (Elementary) Mathematical Data Model schemes. We prove that this algorithm is linear, sound, complete, and optimal. As an example, we apply this algorithm to an Entity-Relationship data model for a teaching sub-universe. We also provide the main additional features added to the implementation of this algorithm in MatBase, our intelligent knowledge and database management system prototype based on both the Entity-Relationship, (Elementary) Mathematical, and Relational Data Models.
Keywords: Entity-Relationship data models; (Elementary) Mathematical Data Model; MatBase; database software application design; algorithms; database management systems

In an era where preventive healthcare is paramount, Oral Pathology stands as a cornerstone for practicing dentists, enabling the early identification and management of potentially life-threatening conditions. Each year, approximately 58,500 Americans are diagnosed with oral and pharyngeal cancers, resulting in over 12,000 deaths, with a five-year relative survival rate of only 68.5% for all stages combined [1]. However, when detected at a localized stage, the five-year survival rate exceeds 86% [1]. This dramatic difference underscores the transformative impact of early intervention that only vigilant oral pathology practice can provide.

Organizational employee health is critical for the success of companies, effectiveness, and efficiency, in addition to maintenance costs. Corporations that commit adequately to wellness care initiatives record remarkable improvements in their financial and organizational bottom lines, reduced medical costs and truancy included. Evidence by Baicker, Cutler, and Song indicates how effective workplace wellness programs bear fruit in reducing healthcare expenditures by $3.27 for every dollar spent towards wellness initiatives and reducing by $2.73 those costs related to absenteeism per dollar invested. Employees with the proper nutritional habits are fully motivated, so they are more productive and active during their working time. As with prior outcomes, these point to integrating wellness activities within organizational management.

Recently, there has been a trend among people to look forward to using natural medicines as a way to improve their general health and longevity. With patients eager to escape from conventional procedures, most are using plant-derived products, herbs, and indigenous systems of medication handed down through generations. Natural medicine, or complementary or alternative medicine, attempts to use several remedies derived from nature to achieve a state of homeostasis, eliminate or prevent diseases, and promote health. These treatments complement the body’s natural systems, supporting a strong immune system, increasing mental acuity and healthy digestion, and combating aging signs. Moreover, most natural compounds are reported to have minor side effects compared to synthetic products, making natural treatment methods a suitable option to enhance the natural and non-intrusive techniques of personal health. As scientific research goes on and investigates the possible benefits of natural medicine, people have witnessed how naturopathy can help them live a healthy life and maybe even add more years to their life expectancy. This way, people show respect towards using nature’s knowledge and act towards reaching a longer and healthier life.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological condition that affects individuals to varying degrees, often presenting challenges in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The manifestation of symptoms can differ widely among individuals with autism, which may necessitate personalized and diverse therapeutic approaches. To date, there is no known cure for autism. However, therapy typically involves a combination of educational support, behavioral interventions, speech therapy, and pharmacological treatments aimed at managing associated symptoms. In recent years, growing attention has been directed toward incorporating vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds as complementary elements in traditional treatment protocols. These natural substances have shown potential in supporting various aspects of ASD, including cognitive function, behavior, mood regulation, and gastrointestinal health. By promoting cognitive, emotional, and physical well-being, natural ingredients may contribute to a more holistic approach to managing the challenges associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autoimmune diseases affect millions of people worldwide, fueling research into complementary and alternative therapies that can be used alongside conventional treatment. Natural substances such as herbal medicines, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals found in whole foods have shown notable immunomodulatory effects through various interconnected biological pathways. These include supporting T-cell function and stability, regulating cell differentiation, balancing cytokine production, and modulating key inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB and interleukins. A growing number of clinical trials and systematic reviews highlight the potential of these natural interventions to influence mechanisms involved in autoimmune diseases, including intestinal barrier integrity, molecular mimicry, and dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to Paul Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet approach, which targets a single disease mechanism using synthetic drugs, natural therapies often work on multiple pathways at the same time. This broader mechanism of action may offer advantages for managing complex and chronic immune-related conditions.

Insulin resistance is a global pandemic that threatens public health. This metabolic abnormality is rapidly becoming a leading cause of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and numerous other metabolic disorders. The economic consequences are staggering: healthcare systems worldwide are struggling to manage diet-induced metabolic diseases driven by insulin resistance, placing a significant financial burden on both developed and developing countries. Recent research into natural compounds and nutraceuticals for insulin resistance offers hope for innovative alternatives to conventional drug therapies. These natural interventions have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and overall metabolic balance through diverse, multivariate mechanisms. This may help explain the growing popularity of natural approaches, especially amid the current trend of consumers seeking holistic, whole-body solutions and the urgent demand for affordable, sustainable treatments for metabolic disorders.

Sexual health is a vital component of overall well-being, yet many individuals face barriers such as low libido, erectile dysfunction, and hormonal imbalances. Natural medicine and traditional therapies are gaining popularity as alternatives or complementary options to conventional treatments, aiming for improved outcomes. This paper explores the role of herbal remedies, mind-body therapies, and dietary interventions in addressing sexual health concerns. Ashwagandha, ginseng, and maca root are highlighted as key botanicals known to enhance libido, regulate hormones, and improve circulation. Mind-body practices such as yoga, meditation, and acupuncture address both the psychological and physiological aspects of sexual dysfunction. Scientific research increasingly supports the efficacy of these approaches, helping to bridge the gap between ancient wisdom and modern medicine. However, challenges such as standardization, quality control, and regulatory oversight hinder their broader integration into mainstream healthcare. This paper emphasizes the need for standardized herbal products and expanded clinical research, as well as the importance of making traditional knowledge about these plants accessible. Consequently, hybrid approaches that integrate natural and conventional medicine are examined for their potential to enhance treatment efficacy and minimize side effects. The importance of public education and cultural sensitivity in promoting these therapies is also addressed. Finally, collaboration among traditional practitioners, scientists, and policymakers is proposed as a path toward more sustainable and holistic healthcare solutions.
Keywords: sexual health; erectile dysfunction; alternative medicine; natural medicine; traditional treatments; herbal remedies; mind-body therapies; holistic wellness

The human microbiome encompasses a vast community of microorganisms that reside on and inside the human body and play a vital role in promoting health and wellbeing. The microbiome aids in the digestive process metabolic functions, boosts immunity, and promotes mental health via pathways such as the gut-brain axis. On this note, any disruptions in the microbial imbalance, however, which is also referred to as dysbiosis, are associated with disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer’s disease. This research paper explores the role of the microbiome in human health and well-being by integrating the case study findings with existing research to ascertain the therapeutic implications of microbiome-targeted interventions. The case studies involved here highlight the impact of proprietary blends, probiotic uses, and dietary modifications to help enhance emotional regulation, promote the sleep process, ability to focus, and the overall cognitive performance of patients with Alzheimer’s, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For example, the mini-mental status exam scores were shown to improve among Alzheimer’s patients following the provision of microbiome-targeted therapies, which reflect better cognitive health and overall individual performance. The paper seeks to advocate for a need to increase access to microbiome-based interventions and policy adoption to promote their use in supporting healthcare for various patients. By leveraging the advancing findings in microbiome research today, it is possible to revolutionize treatment for complex disorders and promote the health and wellbeing of patient populations.

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) carries the highest risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) among all malignancies. Splanchnic vein thromboses (SVT) present a particular clinical challenge, often exhibiting resistance to standard anticoagulant therapy. Recent evidence suggests that a key reason for this resistance is the comorbidity of PC with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), particularly the somatic JAK2 V617F mutation. However, contemporary clinical guidelines do not fully account for this factor, leading to systematic under diagnosis of a significant proportion of cases, inadequate prophylaxis and treatment of thromboses, and, consequently, worsened oncological outcomes.
Objective: A comprehensive analysis of the problem of under diagnosis of the JAK2 V617F mutation in PC patients with thrombosis, and the development of evidence-based proposals for optimizing diagnosis and therapy.
Materials and Methods: A systematic analysis of current international (NCCN, ESMO) and Russian clinical guidelines, retrospective cohort studies, and literature reviews on thrombogenesis in MPN and oncological diseases was conducted. Special attention was paid to studies investigating the frequency and clinical features of thrombosis in the comorbidity of solid tumors and MPN.
Results: The JAK2 V617F mutation was identified in a significant proportion of patients with splanchnic vein thromboses of unknown etiology (up to 20-40%). In patients with both PC and the JAK2 V617F mutation, the risk of VTE increases 3-4 times compared to PC alone. Thromboses in this group are characterized by an aggressive course: resistance to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), a high recurrence rate (up to 60-70% within one year), and a risk of transformation from occult MPN to overt forms. Significant gaps in guidelines were identified: neither NCCN, ESMO, nor Russian recommendations propose an active screening strategy for JAK2 V617F in PC patients. Diagnosis is hampered by the latent course of MPN, limited availability of testing, and misinterpretation of hematological shifts as paraneoplastic.
Conclusions: The under diagnosis of the JAK2 V617F mutation is a significant and underappreciated clinical problem in oncology. Modifying existing approaches is necessary. We propose a risk stratification algorithm whereby testing for JAK2 V617F is indicated for PC patients with splanchnic vein thromboses, persistent thrombocytosis (>450×10⁹/L) or leukocytosis (>11×10⁹/L), splenomegaly, and a relevant family history. Therapy should be revised towards a comprehensive pathogenetic approach, including preferential use of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) over DOACs, consideration of cytoreductive therapy (hydroxycarbamide), and adjustment of supportive care (avoidance of corticosteroids). Implementing these measures will improve the efficacy of thrombosis prophylaxis and treatment, enhance quality of life, and improve oncological outcomes in this complex patient category.
Keywords: Pancreatic Cancer; Thrombosis; Venous Thromboembolic Events (VTE); JAK2 V617F Mutation; Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis; Thrombophilia; Anticoagulant Therapy; Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH); Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOAC)

Introduction: Total edentulism represents a condition that significantly affects masticatory function, aesthetics, and the patient's quality of life. Modern implantology offers predictable rehabilitative solutions through the use of osseointegrated implants. Among the surgical variables that influence treatment success, the bone bed milling technique—whether biological or traditional—plays a determining role in bone preservation and osseointegration.
Objective: To restore masticatory function in a completely edentulous patient by placing two upper implants using the biological milling technique and two lower implants with traditional milling, for subsequent adaptation of an implant-mucosa-supported prosthesis.
Material and Methods: A 68-year-old male patient, completely edentulous. A Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan was performed to analyze bone density in Hounsfield units. Four Adin Touareg® implants (4.2 × 10 mm) were placed: two in the maxilla using the biological milling technique (50 rpm without irrigation) and two in the mandible using the traditional technique (800-1200 rpm with irrigation), applying a torque of 35 Ncm. After three months, healing screws (4.5 × 4 mm) were placed for 30 days to shape the emergence profile, subsequently replaced by 3 mm Grip® attachments. Finally, the implant-mucosa-supported prosthesis was installed.
Results: Adequate soft tissue healing and proper osseointegration of the implants were observed. No complications were reported during the procedure or in the postoperative period. Both techniques proved effective, with prosthetic stability and good masticatory function.
Conclusion: The application of biological and traditional milling techniques allowed for the successful placement of implants in a completely edentulous patient. The combination of both strategies, selected according to bone density, offers predictable long-term functional and aesthetic rehabilitation.
Keywords: Total edentulism; Dental implant; Biological milling technique; Traditional milling technique; Implant-mucosa-supported prosthesis

Earnings support our lives. Unjustified expenses can ruin us, but managing money wisely in our best interests helps us stay emotionally balanced.
People constantly exchange products as needed for themselves and their loved ones, since no one can possess everything.
Generally, both producers and consumers seek benefits to succeed in life. The value they gain from exchanges can be material or spiritual, both of which are essential for improving their lives.

Wearable devices are portable electronic gadgets, rapidly evolved from simple fitness trackers to well convenient monitoring tool. It plays an important role in preventive medicine. These devices provide a real-time data on various health parameters, allowing individuals and healthcare providers to monitor and manage health proactively, rather than reacting to the diseases after it occurs. These wearable devices are designed to be worn on the body, usually integrated into clothing, accessories or even embedded under the skin. These devices are equipped with sensors that collect data on physiological functions such as heart rate, movement, temperature and more. They are typically connected to mobile apps or cloud based platforms and the data is analyzed, stored and visualized for tracking over time.
One of the most important aspects of wearable devices in preventive medicine is their ability to detect early signs of health problems. By continuously monitoring various vital signs and behaviors, wearable’s can alert users to irregularities that might indicate the onset of health conditions such as sleep apnea, arrthymias, diabetes, hypertension, etc., also it provides continuous monitoring and data collection, personalized health insights, empowering self-care and health knowledge, prevention of several medical episodes.
This paper reviews the approaches and importance of wearable medical device for the disease prevention and health management.
Keywords: Wearable devices; Prevention & management; chronic disorders; AI medical device