It has been estimated that of all nanoparticles used in consumer products, silver nanoparticles currently have the highest degree of commercialization with a wide range of industrial and medical applications that may put human health at risk. The toxicity of nanoparticles is a subject of continued controversy and concerns about their adverse effects on human health and the environment are growing. This study investigated the effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from orange peels on growth performance and liver function parameters of male albino rats. Orange peel samples were collected from Federal University Wukari and air dried, ground and soaked in 80% ethanol solution for 24 hours. The orange peel extract was filtered. Silver nanoparticle was produced by boiling orange peel extract with 1mMsilver nitrate solution for 30 minutes. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were orally administered at different doses (200, 400, 600ppm) to rats in group 2-4 for two weeks. The result of growth performance elicited highest feed efficiency in group 1(control) while the lowest value was found in group 3. Sera levels alanine transaminase (ALT)and aspartate transaminase (AST) were significantly higher in treatment groups (2-4), when compared with the control (group1). Sera level of ALP and GGT were slightly higher in the control group when compared with that of treatments. Higher sera levels of ALT and AST were observed which could be due to slight toxicity of AgNPs administered on the liver membranes of albino rat. Based on the findings of study, it was revealed that oral administration of silver nanoparticles between 200and 600ppm had varying effects on liver function parameters and growth performance of the experimental animals. However, higher sera levels of ALT and AST were observed which could be due to slight toxicity of AgNPs exerting its effect on liver membranes of the albino rats.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; Albino rats; Orange peel; Biochemical parameters; Growth performance

The article discusses another variant of the connection between the soul and the body. But first, the author examines the solution of this issue in the ancient world, Aristotle, Descartes and S. Freud. In Descartes, the solution boils down to the assumption that the bodily process (the movement of animal spirits) creates the conditions for the psychic (passions), while in Freud a complex picture emerges: mental processes create the conditions for bodily transformations, and these, in turn, create conditions for new mental changes. The author bases his own approach on the assumption that dreams and semiotic schemes act as intermediaries between the soul and the body. To substantiate this assumption, he offers a reconstruction and explanation of two cases.
Keywords: soul; body; dreams; schemas; consciousness; psyche; intermediaries

From the ancient period of drug development, where Phyto compounds were used as drugs, the advancement in this modern era of drug development mainly focuses on Artificial Intelligence and computational techniques in drug development and design. Drug synthesis has improved since the introduction of combinational chemistry, where thousands of chemical reactions can be performed simultaneously using small reaction vessels. The best one or the lead molecules from the synthesized compounds can be further tested in animals or humans for the desired biological action. Insilico screening methods can achieve this. By selecting the target receptor of the drug, several synthesized molecules from combinational chemistry can be screened, as well as unwanted compounds with no biological activity. This eliminates the need to use colossal animal testing models, which reduces cost and time. Molecular docking is an insilico method using different algorithms. The software gives results such as binding energy, type of interactions, and RMSD or RMSF, which will help predict effective, stable binding and rank different compounds based on the desired biological activity.

Staghorn calculi are a serious therapeutical challenge in clinical practice.
They can determine multiple complications represented by persistent pain, haematuria, chronic kidney disease, and various types of urinary tract infections including the urinary sepsis.
The consequences of the associated infectious complications can vary from urinary tract infections and recurrent urinary tract infections to pyelonephritis, renal abscesses and even pyonephrosis with perirenal abscesses or xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
The case that will be presented shows that the treatment of the staghorn calculi with the associated infectious complications, especially if they determine secondary urosepsis, is not only complex, multimodal and multidisciplinary, but unfortunately sometimes major surgical options like nephrectomy could be necessary as a life-saving option.
Keywords: staghorn calculus; infectious complications; renal abscess; xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis; nephrectomy

Introduction: Small-scale mining represents a significant portion of global mining activity and is carried out under diverse conditions. This study was conducted to describe the environmental conditions of mining areas in the Banalia region of Tshopo province.
Methods: a descriptive study was conducted among 422 people living in two mining households in the territory of Banalia, selected by the systematic sampling technique, during the period from March 18 to June 14, 2024. Descriptive statistics were carried out using proportion and mean ± SD.
Results: the average age of the respondents was 38.2 ± 6.9 years; secondary education level (65%), married marital status (46%) and seniority of 10 years or more (81%) were dominant; 89% of the dwellings were tents, the evacuation of fecal matter was done by ordinary pit toilets (55%) and defecation in the watercourse (40%); the most represented sources of drinking water were surface water (50%) and natural springs (39%), 80% of the population did not treat water. The vast majority of miners drank alcoholic beverages (84%) and 63% were smokers, unprotected sexual intercourse was dominant (91%).
Conclusion: Mining homes are characterized by an unsanitary and polluted physical environment and depraved behavior of the occupants, which constitute health risk factors. Specific preventive measures are necessary in mining homes.
Keywords: Assessment; environment; aquatic mining center; Banalia; DRC

“Cable sheathing materials need to be equipped with the basic requirements of durability, mechanical properties and fire proofing. The halogen fire retardant like inorganic metal hydroxides, phosphorous compounds etc… formulate are gaining prominence being in compliance with eco-friendly materials in order to avoid toxicity concerns. But the efficiency of these compounds are poor and addition of large quantities leads to incompatibility with organic polymer. Thus, intumescent fire retardant systems are being used which consists of acid source, carbonization agent and a blowing agent. Addition of nanosized particles along with these fire retardant in lesser quantities leads to better interfacial addition. The developed non-halogenated fire retardant nanocomposites will be used in cable sheathing applications with improved mechanical, tribological, thermal and fire retardancy behaviour".

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review, based on recently published papers and compare information regarding Above-ground biomass (AGB) modelling, data sources, methodology, and model accuracy. To fulfill the objectives of the INNO4CFIs project and as an output of this study, we propose utilizing high-resolution surface reflectance data acquired from commercial satellites for index and feature derivation. Integrating Digital Surface Models (DSM) and Digital Terrain Models (DTM) derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), or Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, enhances the accuracy of biomass prediction. The Random forest (RF) model excels in incorporating multiple features, thus adeptly capturing sample characteristics.
Keywords: Above-ground Biomass; Satellite Imagery; Artificial Intelligence

This paper proposes a new evaluation index for evaluating human fallibility in shogi. By analyzing the differences between the decision-making processes of AI and humans, we found that while humans rely on intuition and decisions made within a limited timeframe, AI often makes different decisions because it carries out exhaustive searches. In this study, we developed a new evaluation index that extracts features prone to human error using a policy network trained based on professional game records. This evaluation model uses logistic regression to predict the probability of making a mistake in the endgame. We have shown that the proposed indicator is effective through testing with test data. In the future, we plan to construct similar evaluation indicators for the opening and middle game phases and verify their effectiveness.
Keywords: Shogi AI; Human Fallibility; Policy Network

The interplay between frequent verbal self-talk, emotional intelligence, and creativity has been underexplored in the scientific literature. However, understanding the specific relationship between these constructs is crucial for comprehending human cognition and behavior across a variety of domains. This study aims to investigate the relationship between frequent verbal self-talk, emotional intelligence, and creativity. A quantitative survey methodology was employed to collect data from young adults aged between 18-35. The survey instrument assessed the frequency of verbal self-talk, emotional intelligence, and creativity using established scales. Correlational statistics and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between these constructs. The findings reveal a significant positive association between frequent verbal self-talk and emotional intelligence, as well as between emotional intelligence and creativity. Furthermore, emotional intelligence was found to mediate the relationship between verbal self-talk and creativity. The study emphasizes the importance of emotional intelligence in facilitating the creative potential of verbal self-talk. Developing positive self-dialogue habits and promoting emotional intelligence can enhance creative thinking and problem-solving abilities.
Keywords: Verbal self-talk; Emotional intelligence; Creativity

The trajectories of educational technology and artificial intelligence, once parallel and largely independent, have now converged so completely that treating them as separate domains no longer makes sense. In the early 2000s, a master’s degree in educational technology concerned itself with multimedia authoring, learning-management systems, web-based resources and generic evaluation models. Meanwhile, AI labs were refining neural networks, speech recognition, computer vision and, eventually, the large language models that power today’s conversational agents. These two strands have now braided into a single rope that pulls the entire education sector toward an intelligent, data-saturated future. Adaptive tutoring engines adjust reading passages on the fly, chatbots scaffold metacognitive reflection, multimodal analytics transform clickstreams into personalised intervention plans, and extended-reality headsets gather psychomotor data in virtual laboratories. A postgraduate curriculum that still majors on yesterday’s toolkits risks preparing graduates for a world that no longer exists.

In recent years, the field of periodontal medicine has gained significant attention, emphasizing the critical role that gum health plays not only in maintaining a healthy mouth but also in influencing overall health. Periodontal disease, commonly referred to as gum disease, is traditionally thought of as a localized infection affecting the gums and bone surrounding the teeth. However, mounting research reveals that it is much more than a simple oral condition—it has profound implications for the entire body, linking oral health to systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory issues, and even certain cancers.

Introduction

Aharanov - Bohm is a physics effect that one electron can make two streams of electrons.

Discussion

Aharanov - Bohm is a physics effect that shows one electron can become two electron streams

1³ + 2³ = 3².

1 + 8 = 9.

There is no common prime factor. Beal conjecture disproven as no common prime factors.

Even though we use 2 for the third number, one electron integer becomes 3 numbers around a solenoid or wire string. This is a physics effect discovered in 1959 by a 2 physicists and scientists.

Conclusion

There is no common prime factor as one path of one electron becomes a path of two electron streams. There is no common prime factor seen in one example.

In the PNS, regeneration takes place through either axonal regenerative sprouting (ARS) or collateral sprouting (CS). In ARS, the injured axon grows new processes to reconnect with its target; in CS, axons from adjacent uninjured nerves advance new branches into the denervated targets – such as skin, mucosa or muscle tissue.
The ARS process is well studied and publicised. It can only proceed well with certain grade of nerve injury (axonotmesis) unless surgically facilitated; it is a length-dependent slow process and the target organs may not be receptive due to the long delays; there may be the complication of cross-connection between sensory and motor fibres in higher grade injuries (neurotmesis), despite optimal surgical repair.

Since we began reporting on earthworms in medicine over half a century ago (Reynolds and Reynolds, 1972, 1979)[19, 20] and more recently (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2025)[21], we concentrated on direct effect of earthworms in medicine.
Early remedies in old Chinese volumes used species of Amynthas and Pheretima which they termed as “Dilong” [Emperor Dragon]. They ground up the earthworms and used them as antipyretics or antiaesthetics for a variety of ailments such as hypertension, arthritis, burns and inflammation (Huang, 1956)[5].

This paper summarizes some of the significant literature on the subject of spiritual healing including various types. Several biblical examples are also given. Some of the practices involving colours via the White Eagle Lodge are discussed. There is also a discussion of qí (chee; 氣) and Chinese medicine.
Keywords: Spiritual healing; Biblical examples; magnetic; mental; faith; contact; and absent healing; White Eagle Lodge

Something is wrong with men

     As a gender most men suffer in ways women either can’t understand or don’t care to understand. It is challenging being a man in our unlovely society - more challenging than most know. In our dystopian culture men are basically disposable, and are more socially isolated and lonely than they have ever been. Men will lean on drugs and alcohol as a way to numb their feelings and their pain, but that is a self-destructive path.

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) influence a large number of the population. The aetiology of which is multifactorial in origin and the explanation of their associated factors is essential. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a combined term that includes several clinical problems which engage the masticatory muscles, and the associated structures. This is a retrospective cross sectional study design, of patients with TMD problems such as clicking and bruxism attending polyclinic of Faculty of Dentistry (KOD) at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) from April 2010 to November 2013. The essential in the management of temporomandibular joint disorders is the evaluation of the condition. The most common TMD are disc displacement and bruxism associated with clicking. Clicking is the most common feature of anterior disc displacement (ADD) with reduction. Bruxism is one of the parafunctional habits that might predispose patients to having TMD. Issuing a night guard is one of the treatment options, which can decrease bruxing activity, muscle fatigue and relieve the pain, improving the patient’s lifestyle.
Keywords: Bruxism; clicking; assessment; polyclinic; International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)

The Global Stratalogues Roundtables, held at the UK Houses of Parliament, convened international leaders across government, technology, academia, and civil society to explore critical intersections between artificial intelligence (AI), accessibility, and inclusive infrastructure. Discussions centered on the ethical deployment of AI, the role of inclusive design in digital systems, and strategies for embedding accessibility from the outset of technological innovation. The roundtables produced clear consensus: accessibility must no longer be treated as an ancillary goal, but as a foundational principle guiding the governance and application of AI systems. This briefing outlines key insights and policy recommendations derived from the proceedings, with specific emphasis on scalable solutions for governments, institutions, and technology providers.

This study investigates the predictive relationship between academic self-efficacy and timely degree progression among Arab university students in the UAE. Using binary logistic regression on data from 1,420 students, results show modest predictive value and highlight cultural variables influencing academic timelines. The findings underscore the need for AI-enhanced, context-sensitive student support systems. This research contributes to educational policy and practice by aligning predictive analytics with equity-focused retention strategies.

Physical activity plays a crucial role not only in maintaining physical health but also in supporting the overall development of children physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally. Studies by Gallahue & Ozmun (2006) and Logan et al. (2018) highlight that strong motor skills in early childhood form the foundation for active lifestyles and lifelong health.
Children with well-developed motor skills are more likely to participate in physical activities. In contrast, those with poor motor abilities often struggle with low self-confidence, which may reduce their engagement in physical activity and negatively impact both physical and emotional health (Stodden et al., 2008).

This article presents an overview of the academic and professional trajectory of chemist Blanka Wladislaw, based on an interview given to the CPDOC of the Getulio Vargas Foundation in 1977. Focusing on scientific training, the challenges of research in Brazil, and the development of Organic Chemistry as an autonomous field, the text highlights her pioneering contribution to national science, especially through the introduction of organic electrochemistry and the training of new researchers.

Introduction: In 2022, the incidence of breast cancer amounted to 2,296,840 cases worldwide, including 198,553 in Africa and 1,838 cases in Senegal. However, the direct non-medical costs of treating cancer in general are not known in Senegal. For a better allocation of resources, it is important to estimate their costs. The objective of this article is to analyze the direct non-medical costs of breast cancer treatment at the Joliot Curie Institute in Dakar.
Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted on patients diagnosed with breast cancer between January and December 2017 at the Joliot Curie Institute. A questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted with sick people and their relatives to reconstruct the direct non-medical cost.
Results: The estimated average direct non-medical cost of breast cancer treatment at Joliot Curie Institute is 2,844,731 FCFA ($4,559.79) with a minimum of 359,650 FCFA ($576.48) and a maximum of 7,110,584 FCFA ($11,397.48) over an average duration of 31 months. In addition, the analysis of this average direct non-medical cost reveals that it is made up of 63.45% of the cost of housing; 22.48% of the cost of food and 12.27% of the cost of transportation. The reduction of sequelae related to treatment constitutes only 1.8%.
Conclusion: The direct non-medical cost of breast cancer treatment is very high in Senegal. The non-medical direct cost of the maximum treatment is 7,110,584 FCFA ($11,397.48) and the minimum is 359,650 FCFA ($576.48), i.e. an average cost of 2,844,731 FCFA ($4,559.79)¹.
Keywords: Direct non-medical costs; breast cancer; breast cancer treatment; Joliot Curie Institute; Senegal

Introduction: The objective of this study is to analyze the sociodemographic, environmental, health and political factors linked to measles during epidemics in the Tshopo province from 2013 to 2023.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study based on retrospective data collection was conducted on confirmed measles cases between 2013 and 2023. A comprehensive sample of 3,739 confirmed measles cases from the literature review was used. Data were entered into an Excel sheet and analyzed using STATA®13 software.
Results: Individuals living in rural areas had a 3.07 times higher risk (p < 0.0001) of developing measles and were 28.1% less likely to be diagnosed than those in urban areas. Children under 5 years of age were 32.95 times more likely (p < 0.0001) to contract the disease. Males had a 1.14 times higher risk (p = 0.0001) than females. Vaccination status (Hazard Ratios: 0.7973) and good nutritional status (Hazard Ratios: 0.69) were associated with a significantly decreased risk of measles. The presence of complications was associated with a significantly increased risk of measles (2.6).
Conclusion: This study confirms the elevated risk in young children and highlights complex associations with vaccination status, nutritional status, complications, and residential environment. Survival analyses highlight the protective effect of vaccination against the development of complications and the negative impact of poor nutritional status.
Keywords: measles; associated factors; epidemic; Tshopo

Individuals must continuously interact to exchange the products necessary for them and their loved ones, as they cannot produce everything. Their cooperation can be delightful or not, influencing the personal inner world. Joyful collaborative work advances their well-being and creativity, while deceptive interactions lead to emotional suffering. Prolonged suffering in their hearts and minds alters their health.
Improper communication determines disturbed inner life and can lead to type 2 diabetes, metabolic abnormalities, arterial hypertension, depression, and even tumors or brain hemorrhage. In the digital era, AI helps ameliorate and prevent the undesired effects of inappropriate interactions between individuals.

The paper considers the general form of regression models with an increasing number of unknown parameters and different and unknown random error variances. Such models are typical for applications and allow us to solve some practical problems that face difficulties. Linear and nonlinear regression models can be considered as a partial form of this model. The iterated process for calculating the least square estimators for generalized regression models is constructed. The approach for estimating the elements of the covariance matrix of the deviation vector is suggested. Using these results, the method of constructing a confident band for unknown functions in regression models is suggested.
Keywords: generalized regression model; increasing number of unknown parameters; least square estimator; unknown variances of random errors; design matrix; Fisher’s matrix; iterated process

Introduction: The medical program is one of the most demanding academic programs in the world, which has a detrimental impact on medical students' mental and physical health. Stress among students jeopardizes their perceptions and leads to maladaptive practices like addiction to substances, self-medication, and absenteeism.
Objective: To correlate stressful life events and patterns of substance use among Indian medical student.
Methods: A cross-sectional randomized study was conducted involving 250 medical students. Participants were given four self-administered scales to assess stressful life events and substance use patterns in them. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v29.0 to determine the correlation of stressful life events and patterns of substance use among Indian medical students.
Results: In this study 34.0% of medical students were found to be substance users. Stressful Life Event Scale scores were compared in the substance users (10.79±5.37) and the non-substance users (9.27±5.03), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between substance use and the stressful life event scale score (p=0.031), suggesting that higher stressful life event scores were associated with an increased likelihood of substance use.
Conclusions: This study confirms that high educational stress among medical students is linked with psychological morbidity and substance abuse, highlighting the need for regular mental health screening and targeted interventions in medical schools.
Keywords: Stressful life events; substance use; medical students

The integration of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) into dental implantology has significantly enhanced the precision of surgical planning. However, the associated ionizing radiation poses potential health risks, necessitating exploration of alternative imaging modalities. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), known for its non-ionizing nature, presents a promising option for implant planning, potentially reducing radiation exposure without compromising diagnostic accuracy.

The escalating humanitarian crisis in Gaza has led to severe food insecurity, posing an immediate threat to public health. This article outlines a proposed initiative, "Project Africa for Gaza Food Security" (PAF-GS), which leverages artificial intelligence (AI) and collaborative networks to monitor and address nutritional deficiencies within affected families. PAF-GS proposes the development of an AI-driven mobile application designed to provide real-time updates on food security, peace negotiations, and historical context of the conflict. Critically, the application will foster a pan-African and international network of scientists, including bioinformaticians, statisticians, and ethicists, to provide expert analysis, statistical surveillance, and ethical guidance. The project aims to inform targeted humanitarian interventions, facilitate evidence-based decision-making, and promote a data-driven approach to resolving the humanitarian food crisis in Gaza. This initiative highlights the potential of bioinformatics and digital health tools in complex humanitarian emergencies and underscores Africa's role in global health leadership and innovative humanitarian solutions.
Keywords: Food Insecurity; Gaza; Artificial Intelligence (AI); Humanitarian Aid; Nutritional Surveillance; Digital Health; Bioinformatics; Conflict Zones; Ethical AI; Conflict Resolution (or Peacebuilding)

The increasing connectivity and complexity of modern systems, from Industrial Control Systems (ICS) to Internet of Things (IoT) networks, have dramatically expanded the attack surface for cyber threats. Traditional security frameworks struggle to adapt to the dynamic nature of these environments and often rely on static perimeter-based defenses or rigid policy enforcement. This study introduces the Cognitive Zero-Trust Resilience Framework (CZTRF), a novel approach that integrates cognitive computing capabilities with zero-trust architectural principles to create a self-evolving security posture. Unlike conventional frameworks, CZTRF continuously analyzes the operational environment, threat intelligence, and system vulnerabilities to dynamically adjust security controls. By leveraging machine learning to refine the Integrated Cyber Risk Management (ICRM) equation variables in real time, the framework quantifies risk more accurately and automatically implements proportional countermeasures. CZTRF extends beyond traditional zero-trust by incorporating resilience metrics that measure a system's ability to prepare for, absorb, recover from, and adapt to adverse cyber events. The simulation results demonstrate that CZTRF significantly improves threat prediction accuracy, reduces response time, and enhances system resilience compared with static security frameworks. This study presents the theoretical foundations, architectural components, implementation methodology, and validation results of the CZTRF, offering a comprehensive approach to securing increasingly complex connected systems against evolving cyber threats.
Keywords: adaptive cybersecurity; cognitive computing; connected systems; machine learning, OT/ICS security; quantitative risk assessment; resilience; zero-trust architecture

This paper presents the FLUENT model, Flexible Universal Education Model for a New Hybrid Teaching, a framework for university course planning developed within the Erasmus+ project through a design-based research approach. Rooted in empirical evidence from systematic literature reviews (PRISMA), stakeholder interviews, and cross-national surveys, the model addresses the growing complexity of hybrid education by promoting flexibility, personalization, interaction, collaboration, and adaptability across both face-to-face and online contexts. Underpinned by constructivist and cognitive psychology theories, FLUENT views learning as an active process of knowledge construction, emphasizing competency-based learning and structured learning paths. Its key structural elements - time, space, technology, student agency, and teacher reflectivity - guide the design of reversible, inclusive, and context-sensitive learning environments. A core innovation is the model’s online-first perspective, which ensures readiness for shifting teaching modalities and diverse learner needs. Accompanying the model is the FLUENT curriculum and a modular online course (launching Winter 2024/25), offering practical implementation tools for educators. Developed collaboratively by institutions across four European countries, FLUENT offers a scalable, research-informed approach to hybrid pedagogy - equipping faculty to design engaging, student-centred courses and respond effectively to contemporary challenges in higher education.
Keywords: Hybrid Teaching; Design-Based Research; Course Planning; Flexible Learning; Student Agency; Competency-Based Education

The objective of this study was to study chemical kinetics of transected biodiesel production under high voltage electric field. Experimental investigation was carried out with methanol and Tung oil at molar ratio of 8:1 with 20 kV power supply for high voltage electric field. The starting of glycerin separation occurred within 1 min after plasma field generation and the process finished after 10 minutes for 100 ml of Tung oil of which the obtained biodiesel was 97 ml.
Study on chemical kinetics of biodiesel production, it was found that apparent activation energy was about 34.97 kJ/mol. The reaction rate equation was best approximated with a pre-exponential factor of 284.18 s^-1.
Keywords: Biodiesel; Effects of electrode configuration; Electric Field Technique

It deals with the fascinating history of the researches which were conducted in India and abroad. Many researches which have been claimed in modern medicine, such as the knowledge of Dropsy caused by the malfunctioning of the heart, the knowledge of circulation of blood, the art & science of surgery and midwifery, the training of human anatomy from the corpses, the art of diagnosing ailments & diseases, the eye operation for cataract; the plastic surgery, the art of removal & curing of bladder stones, the technique of inoculation for smallpox, and the knowledge and treatment of diseases like Cholera. The Story and discovery of Auromycin an antibiotic from the soil and the use of mud from the Nile and soil used in medicine, whereas in India the use of old age Dahi (curd), honey and rice grains in Ayurveda was quite often used by the physician. what was behind this as the use of mud from the Nile in Egypt? The present article is based on such unknown facts seldom brought to light.
Keywords: Auromycin; bhisak; cataract; cholera; dahi (curd); dropsy; honey; inoculation; rice grains; smallpox

The goal of any independent anticorruption agency, wherever it may be located is preventive - that is to reduce or eliminate the incentives and opportunities that make corrupt activities alluring, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the ruling government by eliminating elements within the system that may be damaging or corrupt. Achieving these aims requires ensuring that anticorruption agencies are provided with sufficient personnel and resources, and that additionally their organisational development needs are met. However, in a systematically corrupt system like Nigeria, where corruption is the norm rather than the exception – means that corrupt activities are promoted or encouraged by the system itself, support for anticorruption agencies is likely to meet with difficulties in such environments. This is because both empirical and anecdotal evidence and the author personal interaction with international and national policy experts, including at the G20 Anticorruption working group (ACWG) - suggest that fighting corruption requires an indirect approach starting with broad underlying features of the governance and developmental problems. This article argues that the first step in fighting corruption must be to renew focus on economic development and welfare. These terms cover a range of government strategies designed to ensure the wellbeing of the citizenry, such as healthcare, education, vocational training, public housing, and public transportation. It argues that until these support structures are easily accessible to the citizens, referred to within the article as “Good governance and Development”, countering corruption in Nigeria, will remain a vicious circle.

Purpose: To juxtapose recent meta-analytic effect sizes for adaptive-behavior interventions in autism with domain-level deficits observed in a multicultural Vineland-3 clinical cohort (N = 16).

Methods: Eight systematic reviews (k = 119 trials) were identified through a PRISMA-compliant search (May 11, 2025). Hedges' g values were compared with baseline standard-score gaps in the Vineland-3 Communication, Daily Living Skills (DLS), Socialization, and the Adaptive Behavior Composite (ABC). Risk of bias was appraised with RoB 2/ROBINS-I.

Results: Pooled meta-analytic gains were moderate for Communication (g = 0.63) and Socialization (g = 0.53) but attenuated by 0.29 SD per year above age 9. The clinical cohort’s Communication mean was 54 (1.5 SD below norms) and declined by 4 points per year (ρ = -.71). DLS was the “strongest” domain (M = 63), yet it was 2.5 SD sub-normative; meta-analytic g = 0.49 covered only 20% of that gap. Six participants (38%) met the criteria for maladaptive cut-offs.

Conclusions: Meta-analytic effect sizes achieve meaningful coverage only when delivered ≥ 20 h/week before age nine years. Expressive-language weakness and widening adaptive gaps in bilingual contexts require Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions with augmentative communication support, plus sustained DLS coaching.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder; adaptive behavior; Vineland-3; support lysis; multicultural

Nigeria remains the most malaria burdened country globally, accounting for 31% of global malaria deaths that occurred in 2021 (WHO, 2022). The high endemicity of malaria in Nigeria is attributed to the characteristic climatic and environmental conditions that is highly favourable for the breeding of the Anopheles mosquito vectors. The analysis of the spatial distribution patterns of malaria based on climatic, ecological and existing malaria survey data showed that 97% of the Nigerian population lives in medium, intense to high intense intense transmission areas (NMCP, 2013). This implies that almost all the entire Nigeria populace are threatened by Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The Global Technical Strategy Goal was introduced with the sole aim of reducing malaria burden by 99% and eliminating the disease in 35 countries by the year 2030. Consequently, the “high burden to high impact” was launched in 2018 to prevent malaria and save lives in malaria endemic countries, including Nigeria (WHO, 2020).

In the annals of medical history, the discovery of antibiotics marked a turning point, saving countless lives and transforming the practice of medicine. Yet, as we stand on the precipice of a new era, the very tools that once guaranteed our survival are losing their efficacy. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is no longer a distant threat—it is a present and growing crisis that demands urgent global action.
Antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to withstand the drugs designed to kill them. This phenomenon is fueled by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Inappropriate prescriptions, incomplete treatment courses, and the widespread use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock have accelerated the development of resistant strains. The consequences are dire: common infections are becoming harder to treat, routine surgeries are turning into high-risk procedures, and once-manageable diseases are becoming life-threatening.

The summer of 2024 marked a turning point in global climate awareness, with the year officially recorded as the hottest on record. India, already grappling with extreme weather events, experienced record-breaking heatwaves, not just in terms of daytime temperatures but also through a sharp increase in very warm nights. This trend, as highlighted by the World Meteorological Organization, is especially dangerous as it eliminates the body's chance to recover from daytime heat stress, compounding health risks across communities.

“Scientists discover, pharmacists deliver!” Across different eras, pharmacists have played a notable role in translating scientific breakthroughs into accessible healthcare solutions. From the laboratory to the local pharmacy, they ensure that medical innovations reach patients safely and effectively, playing a crucial role in bridging the gap between doctors and the public. Beyond dispensing medicines, pharmacists educate communities, contribute to health campaigns, and safeguard the rational use of medicines, embodying a commitment to healthier lives across the nation.

Background: Modern medicine, with its technological and scientific advances, occupies a central place in contemporary healthcare systems. However, its adoption and integration vary considerably according to cultural and social contexts. Among the indigenous Yahuma pygmy peoples, whose medical traditions are deeply rooted in a holistic relationship with nature and spirit, the encounter with modern medicine raises complex questions.
Objective: this qualitative study aimed to explore the perceptions and representations that these communities have of modern medicine, highlighting the cultural, social and symbolic dynamics that influence their relationship to these practices.
Methods: using a phenomenological qualitative approach, the study focuses on issues of identity, logics of trust or mistrust, and interactions between local knowledge and biomedicine. This work thus contributes to a broader reflection on the plurality of healthcare systems and the need to devise inclusive models that respect cultural diversity.
Results: Perceptions of modern medicine vary, from a strong preference for its effectiveness to criticism of its undesirable effects and inaccessibility. Attitudes towards the modernization of health care thus reveal a duality, with part of the community ready to embrace biomedicine if it is made accessible, while others insist on the importance of preserving traditional knowledge.
Conclusion: an inclusive approach that takes into account the socio-economic and cultural realities of the Yahuma Pygmies is necessary. It seems appropriate to promote complementarity by developing strategies adapted to local needs and specificities.
Keywords: Perceptions; Modern medicine; Indigenous people; Pygmy; Yahuma

Across the Indian subcontinent, herbal remedies and other natural treatments are easily available for the treatment of farm animals. The study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of different materials that are historically used in Bangladesh to treat wounds. There were 36 incised wounds on the twelve Blank Bengal goats (three on each animal). Three groups of goats were used: Group A served as the control group, Group B received turmeric paste treatment, and Group C received cotton ash treatment. Data were collected on follow-up from the first postoperative day to the twenty-first. Additionally, morphological features such as wound swelling, the width of the sutured area, wound contractions, and the length of time the wound took to heal were recorded. On days 1, 4, and 8 of the operation, blood samples and tissue biopsies were collected for hematological and histological investigation. When comparing wounds treated with cotton ash to other groups, the contraction (0.27±0.01 mm), swelling of the suture area (0.37±0.03 mm), and elevation line of the suture (1.43±0.05 mm) were all lowest (P<0.05). According to histological investigations, on day eight of group B's wound, epithelial regeneration and healthy collagen fibers appear in the subcutis, whereas the keratin layer of epidermis appears thick and a huge accumulation of carbon particles beneath the muscularis layer in the wound treated with ash. We may conclude that goat skin lesions can be treated with cotton cloth ash in addition to other herbal medicines. Ash ointment and turmeric paste are both beneficial, but turmeric paste accelerates recovery more quickly.
Keywords: cotton ash; turmeric paste; wound healing; histopathology; goats

Based on extensive global research into complex healthcare systems and the persistent challenge of patient safety, the prevalence of healthcare-related harm continues to be a significant concern. This study sought to identify recurring themes in organizational incidents, develop a targeted training program, and assess its efficacy in augmenting patient safety knowledge among healthcare professionals. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study encompassed a survey to evaluate the impact of organizational training on clinicians' patient safety knowledge, alongside a comprehensive review of incident reports, which identified seven common themes for improvement. The study proposed a model emphasizing seven focus areas for improving clinical care and preventing medical malpractice, stressing the importance of evidence-based practices and organizational learning. The resulting training program comprised 13 sessions attended by 141 staff members, including physicians, nurses, allied healthcare workers, and managers. Results indicated that 71% of participants concurred that a patient safety curriculum developed from organizational scenarios could enhance clinical care and reduce instances of medical negligence. Furthermore, the study underscored inadequate communication, insufficient documentation, and failure to escalate as primary contributors to patient safety events.
The analysis of organizational incidents and case reviews was found to significantly contribute to patient safety and care quality, offering valuable insights for improvement. To bolster safety frameworks and augment care quality, it is recommended to prioritize and invest in the identified focus areas. The study also suggests replicating the research in multiple organizations to enhance generalizability and develop more robust models for patient safety.

In an era defined by rapid technological advancements, the intersection of engineering and human-centered considerations has never been more critical. While engineering disciplines traditionally focus on problem-solving, optimization, and efficiency, there is a growing recognition of the role that empathy plays in shaping innovative solutions. As we delve into this issue of PriMera Scientific Engineering, we explore a range of topics that illustrate how engineering is not just about machines and systems but also about the people who design, use, and benefit from them.

The construction industry is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions, responsible for nearly 40% of global emissions when including both building operations and construction activities (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], n.d.). With urbanization on the rise and increasing global demand for new buildings, this sector's environmental impact is expected to grow. However, by shifting focus to recycling and reusing construction waste, the industry can significantly reduce its carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future.