PriMera Scientific Medicine and Public Health (ISSN: 2833-5627)

Research Article

Volume 9 Issue 4

Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticle-Enabled Glucose Biosensor and Its Application in the Development of a Joint Pain Relief Formulation

Akbar Ali*

October 27, 2026

View PDF

Abstract

The primary aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) for their potential application in biomedical sensing and drug delivery systems. Specifically, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles are chosen for their known magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and enzyme-mimetic activity, making them suitable for non-enzymatic glucose bio sensing and targeted biomedical applications. Silver nanoparticles are selected due to their high electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and well-documented antimicrobial and drug delivery capabilities, making them ideal for loading and releasing therapeutic agents such as acetaminophen for joint pain management. AgNP’s were made by a simple chemical reduction process, whereas Fe3O4 nanoparticles were created by co-precipitation. The Precursor material for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) is silver nitrate (AgNO3), which serves as the metal salt precursor in the process. Aniline acts as the reducing agent in the synthesis process. CTAB is used as a stabilizer for the nanoparticles. SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the structural and morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles have an uneven, non-uniform grain size and a cubic spinel shape. Additionally, the rotational and vibrational modes of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effectiveness of the nanoparticles in glucose sensing was confirmed by electrochemical measurement, which showed a linear response to rising glucose concentrations. The drug release efficiency of acetaminophen-loaded AgNP’s was evaluated using an open-ended tube method, achieving 76.23% in vitro drug release efficiency after 24 hours. These findings suggest that Fe3O4 and AgNP’s hold significant potential for applications in glucose biosensing and joint pain management.

Keywords: Biomaterials; Bioelectrocatalysis; Sol-gel preparation; Drug Delivery Systems; Antimicrobial Activity; Joint pain formulation; electrochemical sensors & Glucose detection

References

  1. Boverhof DR., et al. “Comparative assessment of nanomaterial definitions and safety evaluation considerations”. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 73.1 (2015): 137-150.
  2. Chin J. Chemical Society. 56 (2009): 703.
  3. Shi W and Ma Z. “Amperometric glucose biosensor based on a triangular silver nanoprisms/chitosan composite film as immobilization matrix”. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 26 (2010): 1098.
  4. Luo XL., et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 21 (2005): 190.
  5. Kaushik A., et al. “Iron oxide nanoparticles-chitosan composite based glucose biosensor”. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 24 (2008): 676.
  6. Ratcliffe N, Azambuja P and Mello CB. “Recent advances in developing insect natural products as potential modern day medicines”. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014 (2014): 21.
  7. Rudramurthy GR., et al. “Nanoparticles: Alternatives against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes”. Molecules. 21 (2016): 836.
  8. Hyeon T. “Chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles”. Chemical Communications. 3 (2003): 927.
  9. Kaushik A., et al. “Iron oxide nanoparticles-chitosan composite based glucose biosensor”. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 24 (2008): 676.
  10. Hasany SF., et al. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2 (2013): 148.
  11. Cao D and Hu N. “Direct electron transfer between hemoglobin and pyrolytic graphite electrodes enhanced by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in their layer-by-layer self-assembly films”. Biophysical Chemistry. 121 (2006): 209.
  12. Kouassi GK, Irudayaraj J and McCarty G. “Examination of cholesterol oxidase attachment to magnetic nanoparticles”. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 3 (2005): 1.
  13. Anderson K., et al. “A highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose biosensor based on the regulatory effect of glucose on electrochemical behaviors of colloidal silver nanoparticles on MoS₂”. Sensors. 17 (2017).
  14. Vilar-Vidal N., et al. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 114 (2010): 15924.
  15. Liu CC. “Electrochemical sensors”. Medical Devices and Systems. 74 (2006): 48.
  16. Feng JJ., et al. “Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of heme proteins immobilized on gold nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan”. Analytical Biochemistry. 342 (2005): 280.
  17. Dyal A., et al. “Activity of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on γ-Fe₂O₃ magnetic nanoparticles”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 125 (2003): 1684.
  18. Orozco J, Jiménez-Jorquera C and Fernández-Sánchez C. Bioelectrochemistry. 75 (2009).
  19. Kang X., et al. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 7 (2007): 1618.
  20. Sun YG and Xia YN. “Shape-controlled synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles”. Science. 298 (2002): 2176.
  21. Ren C., et al. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 381 (2005): 1179.
  22. Chen ZP., et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 23 (2007): 485.
  23. Liu XQ, Tao SW and Shen YS. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 40 (1997): 161.
  24. Hsu LC., et al. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 41 (2008): 185003.
  25. Yang LX., et al. Bulletin of Materials Science. 31 (2008): 919.
  26. Ali A., et al. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials—Rapid Communications. 8 (2014): 1242.
  27. Abdul Amir AL-Mokaram AMA., et al. “One-step electrochemical deposition of Polypyrrole-Chitosan-Iron oxide nanocomposite films for non-enzymatic glucose biosensor”. Materials Letters. 183 (2016): 90-93.
  28. Adampourezare M., et al. “Iron/iron oxide-based magneto-electrochemical sensors/biosensors for ensuring food safety: Recent progress and challenges in environmental protection”. RSC Advances. 13.19 (2023): 12760-12780.
  29. Ashraf N., et al. “Iron/iron oxide nanoparticles: Advances in microbial fabrication, mechanism study, biomedical, and environmental applications”. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 45.3 (2019): 278-300.
  30. Baabu PRS., et al. “Iron oxide nanoparticles: A review on the province of its compounds, properties and biological applications”. Materials. 16.1 (2023): 59.
  31. George JM, Antony A and Mathew B. “Metal oxide nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing”. Microchimica Acta. 185 (2018): 358.
  32. Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N and de la Guardia M. “Iron and iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles as signal-amplification elements in electrochemical biosensing”. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 72 (2015): 1-9.