Earnings support our lives. Unjustified expenses can ruin us, but managing money wisely in our best interests helps us stay emotionally balanced.
People constantly exchange products as needed for themselves and their loved ones, since no one can possess everything.
Generally, both producers and consumers seek benefits to succeed in life. The value they gain from exchanges can be material or spiritual, both of which are essential for improving their lives.

Wearable devices are portable electronic gadgets, rapidly evolved from simple fitness trackers to well convenient monitoring tool. It plays an important role in preventive medicine. These devices provide a real-time data on various health parameters, allowing individuals and healthcare providers to monitor and manage health proactively, rather than reacting to the diseases after it occurs. These wearable devices are designed to be worn on the body, usually integrated into clothing, accessories or even embedded under the skin. These devices are equipped with sensors that collect data on physiological functions such as heart rate, movement, temperature and more. They are typically connected to mobile apps or cloud based platforms and the data is analyzed, stored and visualized for tracking over time.
One of the most important aspects of wearable devices in preventive medicine is their ability to detect early signs of health problems. By continuously monitoring various vital signs and behaviors, wearable’s can alert users to irregularities that might indicate the onset of health conditions such as sleep apnea, arrthymias, diabetes, hypertension, etc., also it provides continuous monitoring and data collection, personalized health insights, empowering self-care and health knowledge, prevention of several medical episodes.
This paper reviews the approaches and importance of wearable medical device for the disease prevention and health management.
Keywords: Wearable devices; Prevention & management; chronic disorders; AI medical device

Education has long been a driving force for transformative change, shaping individuals and societies throughout history. Ancient thinkers, from Upanishadic scholars to Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle, emphasized education’s role in empowering individuals and fostering social harmony [1-3]. Religious teachings across cultures—Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam—also highlight the significance of knowledge in personal and moral development [4-6]. Modern theorists like John Dewey, Jean Piaget, and Howard Gardner have expanded upon these foundational ideas, introducing concepts such as constructivism, behaviorism, and multiple intelligences to refine educational practices [7].
As society evolves, so must education, adapting to contemporary challenges while preserving its core mission: cultivating knowledge, critical thinking, and ethical responsibility to drive social transformation. Educators should not only transfer knowledge but also act as role models, catalyst and change makers for the society [8]. This article explores the intersection of education, wellness, and social change, advocating for a holistic approach that fosters intellectual growth, emotional resilience, and community well-being.

Background: Malnutrition is common in children with cancer and is associated with worse treatment tolerance, increased infections, relapse risk and reduced survival. This review synthesizes recent evidence about the prevalence of nutritional problems in paediatric oncology, mechanisms linking nutrition to outcomes, and the effect of nutritional assessment and interventions (counselling, oral nutritional supplements, enteral and parenteral nutrition) on prognosis and survival.
Methods: A focused literature search (PubMed, PMC, Scopus, Web of Science) was performed for reviews, guidelines, consensus statements and clinical studies published 2017-2025 using terms “paediatric cancer”, “malnutrition”, “nutritional support”, “enteral nutrition”, “parenteral nutrition”, “survival” and “outcomes”. Priority was given to systematic reviews, consensus statements and large retrospective cohort studies and guideline documents.
Results: Malnutrition at diagnosis and during therapy remains common globally and is associated with treatment interruptions, higher infection rates and worse overall survival. Consensus statements and paediatric-focused reviews recommend early screening, standardized assessment (weight/BMI, MUAC, triceps skinfold, clinical evaluation) and proactive, tiered interventions starting with counselling and ONS and escalating to enteral nutrition (EN) or home parenteral nutrition (HPN) when indicated. Evidence shows that enteral feeding is effective at maintaining or improving weight and nutritional indices and may improve treatment tolerance; parenteral nutrition can correct severe deficits but carries higher infection risk. Observational cohort data link malnutrition to poorer survival and some studies suggest that timely nutritional interventions (standardized screening with early EN/HPN) reduce hospital admissions, improve tolerance to therapy and are associated with better short-term clinical outcomes; however high-quality randomized data examining survival as a primary endpoint are limited.
Conclusions: The preponderance of evidence supports routine nutritional screening and early, multidisciplinary nutritional intervention in paediatric oncology as part of standard supportive care. There is a need for standardized screening protocols, prospective trials of targeted nutritional strategies, and implementation research—especially in lower-resource settings—examining whether early aggressive nutrition improves long-term survival endpoints.

Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV), the same virus responsible for chickenpox. It is estimated that one in three individuals will develop shingles during their lifetime, with the risk increasing to one in two among adults over 85 years old. Shingrix® (GlaxoSmithKline) is a recombinant zoster vaccine that has demonstrated high efficacy in preventing herpes zoster, especially in older and immunocompromised populations. However, concerns about shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA), a rare adverse event also observed following COVID-19 vaccination, have prompted investigations into its potential association with other vaccines, including Shingrix. This scoping review explores the incidence of skin manifestations and SIRVA in the context of Shingrix vaccination by analyzing available evidence from MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. All forms of original research, including prospective and retrospective studies, cross-sectional analyses, and randomized controlled trials, were considered. For what concern cutaneous adverse effect the cases of VZV reactivation were lower with respect the general population. Other cases of non-HZ vesicular and bullous cutaneous eruptions were attributed to the vaccine's reactogenicity. Our findings reveal no significant evidence indicating a higher incidence of SIRVA following Shingrix administration compared to other vaccines. Nonetheless, isolated cases highlight the importance of proper vaccine administration techniques, including anatomical precision during injection, to minimize potential risks. While current data do not establish a strong causal link, further studies are warranted to explore subtle associations. This review underscores the necessity of rigorous vaccination protocols to ensure safety and maintain public confidence in immunization programs.
Keywords: Shingrix; recombinant zoster vaccine; rotator cuff desease; SIRVA; Shoulder desease

Introduction: The first antenatal care is of particular importance, as it marks the beginning of the continuum of maternal care. The world health organization recommends that it take place before the twelfth week of pregnancy, that is, during the first trimester. This study aims to identify the factors associated with the completion of the first antenatal care visit during the first trimester of pregnancy in the Analamanga region.
Materials and Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study of mothers who gave birth in the two months prior to data collection, which took place from October 21 to December 21, 2024. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval was used to identify these factors, with a significance threshold set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results: 246 mothers were included, with a mean age (standard deviation) of 26.49 (6.95) years. Several factors were associated with the completion of the first antenatal care during the first trimester of pregnancy, such as urban residence (AOR[95% CI]=11.44 [1.19-109.71]), absence of a main occupation (AOR[95% CI] =11.79 [1.70-81.37]), participation in agricultural activity (AOR[95% CI]=9.81 [1.69-56.70]), household with an average budget allocated to health (AOR[95% CI]=29.21 [1.47-578.84]), media and family as sources of information on ANC with respective AOR [95% CI] of 39.86 [3.54-447.92] and 25.22 [2.09-304.50].
Conclusion: Promoting the first antenatal care during the first trimester requires a multi-sectoral, concerted and sustainable approach involving policymakers, healthcare providers and communities.
Keywords: Factors associated; First antenatal care; Higher education level; Madagascar; Urban residence

Heterocyclic Compounds possess a non-carbon atom other than carbon in their ring Structure. The presence of atoms like Nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, which provide Versatility, electron Multitarget interactions, Pi-Pi Stacking, and donor-acceptor features to these Compounds. The formation of Wander-Walls, hydrophobic and metal-coordination bonds make these compounds versatile, with a wide range of ring sizes, shapes, and structural permutations. They play a role in Metabolism and biochemical processes. A stable binding with a receptor is essential for a drug's biological activity. A covalent bond formed is an irreversible activity, and non-covalent bonds provide a reversible action. Drugs that contain a heterocyclic ring can be anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, or antiviral. They possess structural diversity, optimal physicochemical properties, and the potential for lead optimization. Thiazoles, triazoles, Pyridine, furans, and quinolines form part of many drugs. Phytochemical with a heterocyclic nucleus, like quinines. Synthetic dyes like isoniazid and Fluoxetine contain Nitrogen in their rings. They are part of DNA, proteins, and vitamins; rings are 5 or 6-membered, saturated or unsaturated.

Personalized medicine, also known as precision medicine, is revolutionizing the way we approach healthcare and treatment. By tailoring medical care to individual genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, personalized medicine offers more effective and targeted therapies, minimizing adverse effects and improving outcomes.

Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) are increasingly recognized as valuable sources of bioactive compounds with significant medical potential. Extracts such as lumbrokinase, peptides, and polysaccharides demonstrate anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. These activities support applications in cardiovascular therapy, wound healing, infection control, and regenerative medicine. Advances in isolation and characterization techniques have enabled the transition of earthworm-derived substances from traditional remedies to evidence-based biomedical research.
Keywords: Lumbrokinase; Anticoagulants; Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Wound Healing/drug effects; Regenerative Medicine; Drug Discovery; Biological Products/therapeutic use

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exhibit the most dramatic age-related decline among adult stem cell populations, decreasing 100-to 1,000-fold in frequency and suffering profound functional impairment in proliferation, differentiation, immunomodulation, and paracrine activity. Normalized epidemiological data reveal a striking inverse relationship across the human lifespan: as MSC levels plummet between the third and sixth decades, the incidence and prevalence of major degenerative diseases; osteoarthritis requiring total knee/hip replacement, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, rise exponentially (Figure 1). Unlike hematopoietic, neural, muscle, or intestinal stem cells, which primarily undergo qualitative deterioration or protective quiescence while preserving cell numbers, MSCs experience both quantitative depletion and senescence without compensatory mechanisms. Their primary physiological role is not direct lineage replenishment but orchestration of tissue repair through secreted growth factors, anti-inflammatory mediators, and extracellular vesicles that support resident progenitor cells and resolve chronic inflammation. Many clinical trials now demonstrate that administration of culture-expanded autologous or allogeneic MSCs, particularly from younger donors, safely reduces pain and improves function in knee osteoarthritis, modestly enhances cardiac performance post-infarction, and induces remission in steroid-refractory inflammatory diseases, with effect size correlating with donor age and cell dose. These findings strongly suggest that the precipitous loss of functional MSCs constitutes a pivotal, upstream bottleneck in endogenous regenerative capacity and a rational cross-disease therapeutic target. Strategies to restore youthful MSC activity via allogeneic cells from perinatal sources, pharmacological mobilisation, exosome-based therapeutics, or rejuvenation of autologous cells hold promise for mitigating the escalating burden of age-related degenerative pathology and warrant prioritisation in late-stage clinical investigation.
Keywords: Regenerative Medicine; Osteoarthritis; Stem Cells; Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Tourniquets provide a bloodless field in hand surgery but can cause nerve injury. While international guidelines cite 60 minutes as a warning and 90 minutes as a maximum continuous inflation time, clinical experience at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH), Bauchi, suggests that neuropraxia do occur when inflation lasts around 60-70 minutes. These editorial reviews relevant literature, considers local risk modifiers, and argues for both immediate precautionary practice changes and a prospective Nigerian study to define safe limits for our population.

Polytrauma syndrome, particularly among military veterans and individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), is associated with complex neuropsychiatric, metabolic, and neuroendocrine dysfunction. Conventional treatment approaches often focus on isolated symptoms rather than underlying systems-level dysregulation. This paper proposes a comprehensive integrative clinical protocol addressing neuro-metabolic dysfunction, neuroendocrine abnormalities, and cerebral hypometabolism in patients with polytrauma syndrome. The approach integrates hormonal assessment and optimization, metabolic support, and low-pressure hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). This framework is presented as a hypothesis-generating model aimed at improving outcomes in a population with persistently high morbidity and mortality.

Pain remains the most common reason adults seek medical care. It interferes with activities of daily living, often restricts life and/or work, and is associated with decreased quality of life. It affects productivity, functionality, outcome, income, causes anxiety and depression. In 2019, it was estimated one fourth of the US populations suffered from chronic pain, with 7.4% of adults had high-impact chronic pain.
Our available choices for anti-inflammatories are restricted and not free of serious side effects. We remain a society that doesn’t rely on natural remedies and believe in pharmacological choices.
Traumeel comes as a safe alternative. It is a blend of 14 botanical diluted plant-based homeopathic ingredients, made of biological and mineral extracts, designed to support healing, reduce inflammation, decrease pain and swelling, and treat a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. Traumeel has long been widely used in Europe, the US, and the entire world, and for decades.
Traditionally, its use in Europe has superseded its use in northern America, with no justification. The criteria for its use remain subjective, and dependent on the providers’ experiences and preferences.
This review manuscript seeks to delineate its use as a safe alternative to steroids, in the treatment of cervical facetogenic pain, associated with whiplash injuries resulting from motor vehicle collisions. We will not delve into its numerous other indications or uses.
There is mounting evidence that Traumeel mechanisms of action on the inflammatory cascade, its multifaceted effects on pain and immunity, its efficacy, safety, and tolerability in treatment of musculoskeletal injuries, give it an advantage point over steroids or Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS).

As artificial intelligence continues to reshape architectural practice, one area seeing notable change is building façades. These once-static elements are now being reimagined as smart, adaptive systems capable of responding to both environmental conditions and user needs. This study explores how users in Chennai, across both residential and commercial contexts, perceive AI-agent-based façade technologies. By conducting a structured survey, the research examines how people evaluate these systems in terms of quality, visual appeal, and functionality. The findings suggest a growing openness toward responsive façades, especially those that combine energy efficiency with aesthetic adaptability. However, users also raised valid concerns, chief among them, maintenance demands and long-term costs. These insights reveal a gap between technological potential and everyday practicality, offering valuable direction for architects, product developers, and urban planners aiming to align smart design with user priorities.

Keywords: smart façades; artificial intelligence in architecture; user perceptions; adaptive building systems; design and functionality; energy-efficient urban design; Chennai property users; intelligent building envelopes; human-centered innovation; architectural technology adoption

The present study investigates if the digital forensics report can be generated automatically by using some of the artificial intelligence techniques, specifically the natural language processing. A model has been developed to assess if it is feasible to automate the generation of a digital forensic report using artificial intelligent techniques. One of the main purposes for this study is coming from a point where human errors, structure of the digital forensic reports, critical evidence that should take part of the digital forensic report are omitted during the generation of digital forensic report as well as the interpretation of the evidence drafted by an investigator during investigation. In addition, the standardization of this report happens to be imminent especially when it is being presented in a court of law. Given the rise of cybercrime, more research is needed to better improve the process of automating the generating digital forensic report using some intelligent techniques.

Keywords: digital forensics; artificial intelligence (AI); natural Language processing (NLP); digital forensic report (DF report); standardization

Third places are spaces which have emerged to become spots of positive social interaction between users of cities and increase their social functionality. They allow better connection between people in a way that fills voids and deals with segregation problems in communities. Having intermediate spaces between work and homes helps offer grey zones rather than work in work places and comfort in homes implementing some missing entertainment life. This paper tracks, studies and analyses types of third places in last years and how they have formed to fulfill and suit social needs of people. It also compares between different types regarding communities and users. It hypothesizes that suitable third places differ from a place to another according to types of users, communities and technology.

Keywords: Third Places; Social Interaction; Cities; Technology; Virtual Third Places; Connection

At modern times knowledge has expanded beyond horizons. Learning is not confined to limited traditional subjects. Students and researchers can integrate various subjects and gain greater clarity of knowledge. Multi disciplinary subjects are a combination of more than one subject. Some of these few subjects are listed in below table.

Micro RNA molecules are one of the millions of biomolecules that control the genetic information in an organism. In general, this food is being equally affected in the yields and production through water rationing due to heat resulting from climate change. Regarding stress response, the rice plant has several types of responses to various stress such as stress due to salinity, heavy metal toxicity or drought stress. It also inclines on the level of polluting rice fields by heavy metals that are potentially damaging to bones of skeleton humans. Another method which may be of some use is what is termed as phytoremediation or else the preservation of the soil in such manner that it becomes unsuitable for the heavy metals to absorb them as rice plants do. Due to the many factors that affect food production, there is a big chance for inter-sectorial endeavor, with policy makers, researchers, producers, and consumers. These pollutants are easily transported from their sources whether natural or industrial into the soil, and impact on the quality of the soil and on its production capacity. Besides human life, presence of the pollutants in the atmosphere is equally a threat to life of all form in a chain of food pyramid. It pollutes water, its concentrated form impacts negatively on plant and other forms of life. The pollutants that are likely to affect rice plants include; arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury pollutants as discussed above. Almost all the plants develop a way of guarding themselves in case of scenarios where they have to undergo metal chelating processes. It has been involved in controlling gene expression under stress in plants as well as animals. Concerning biotic stress factors, the diseases are likely to affect the Japonica rice whilst for the abiotic stress factors, the rice is sensitive to the effect of heavy metals. Climate conditions and international changes may cause the yield of rice in the end. Various abiotic stresses such as heat stress, cold, drought, salinity, and high level of several heavy metals are commonly reported to reduce yield in indica rice varieties. This brings us to the question of how the stress can be reduced for rice production and this include the sustainable practices that should be practiced in the agricultural sector.

Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa); Abiotic stress; Climate change; Heavy metal toxicity; Salinity stress; Drought stress; Heat stress; Cold stress; MicroRNAs (miRNAs); Stress-responsive genes; Phytoremediation; Soil contamination; Molecular mechanisms; Antioxidant defense; Gene expression; Climate-resilient rice varieties; Japonica and Indica rice; Food security

As Thailand's aging population increases, even with Thai farmers entering the senior age group. They require agricultural tools and equipment to facilitate their farming to prevent aging from impacting their careers, modern agricultural technology is also required. This research presents the design of an agricultural harvesting robot to assist elderly farmers and is suitable for Thailand's agricultural areas. It utilizes artificial intelligence concepts and the Internet of Things (IoT) with two objectives: 1) to alleviate the labor shortage for young farmers, providing a tool to assist older farmers; and 2) to serve as a guideline for sustainable agriculture in the future. This agricultural harvesting robot combines advanced technologies, such as machine learning to learn and control robot operations, applications to assist with movement and vision, artificial neural networks, and robotic control for harvesting, resulting in increased precision and increased efficiency. The robot's base is designed to adjust for movement on rough, uneven ground surfaces such as rice paddies, rice fields, ditches, and low, plateau areas to ensure consistent movement. Furthermore, the robot's arm is equipped with sensors to enable it to navigate and detect crops accurately and precisely. These functions make the robot more convenient for elderly farmers, allowing them to control and use the robot correctly and for its intended purpose. They do not need to be experts to use it. Experimental results indicate that agricultural harvesting robots can efficiently harvest longan, Langsat, and Lamberton, all types of agricultural fruits, by reducing steps and increasing yields.

Keywords: Harvesting robot; Elderly farmers; Internet of Things (IoT); Agricultural robot; Robot model

Chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated conditions are frequently characterized by a persistent imbalance between pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulatory immune pathways, often refractory to conventional targeted therapies. While monoclonal antibody treatments offer highly specific molecular inhibition, their single-target approach may not adequately address the complexity of dysregulated cytokine networks. This editorial discusses the biological rationale and emerging clinical evidence supporting autologous cytokine-based monoclonal therapies as a systemic immunoregulatory strategy. Drawing on over a decade of clinical experience and published case series, the modulation of endogenous cytokine profiles—particularly through regulatory mediators such as interleukin-10 (IL-10)—is examined as a means of restoring immune homeostasis rather than inducing unidirectional suppression. The relevance of this approach is explored in chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and post-oncological immune-dysregulation settings, where conventional therapies may fail to provide sustained clinical benefit. By leveraging patient-derived immunoregulatory mechanisms, autologous cytokine-based monoclonal therapies represent a biologically coherent and potentially cost-effective adjunct or alternative to existing immunomodulatory strategies, warranting further scientific discussion and systematic investigation.
Keywords: Autologous cytokine therapy; Immunoregulation; Cytokine network modulation Interleukin-10 (IL-10); Chronic inflammatory diseases

Atresia ani is a congenital anomaly characterized by the absence or closure of the anal opening. This case report describes the successful surgical management of type 11 atresia ani in a 3-week-old piglet. The piglet was presented with a history of constipation and absence of anal opening. Surgical correction was performed using Epidural anaesthesia. The piglet recovered uneventfully and was able to pass stool normally post-operatively. This case report highlights the importance of early diagnosis and surgical intervention in the management of atresia ani in piglets.

Abuse of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) has been exploited by those who place making a financial profit as preferable to verified content. Some paid-for media reports rescript the gist of other authors’ original input. Consequently, there is a slow-but-sure diminishing reserve of original contributions in words or pictures. News becomes bulimic reporting; old stories are brought up as new news. News or photographs can be doctored to seem real and made to appeal to readers. Focused energy, perseverance, to record honestly and report accurately to the welfare and mental health of a community, will relegate money-grubbing sensationalizing news sources to the trash-can of history. This concern has gone viral globally and is echoed by most responsible news agencies.

Treatment of diabetic mellitus (DM) and related complications is available although cost of conventional medicines is relatively high and accompanying side effects beg for alternative therapeutic and management methods. Previous studies demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities of Zingiber officinale and Mondia whitei although the scientific knowledge on their efficacy in ameliorating DM-induced infertility is obscure. This study investigated the histomorphometric and histoarchitectural impacts of ethanolic Z. officinale and M. whitei root extracts on the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and testis (HPT) in diabetic male albino rats. Thirty-six rats were assigned nine groups of six treatment groups and three controls groups. All animals except normal control were administered with alloxan monohydrate to induce DM. Treatment groups were administered with Z. officinale or M. whitei at 200, 400, 800 mg/kg for 28 days, normal control (normal saline), diabetic control (alloxan monohydrate alone) and positive control (alloxan monohydrate and clomiphene citrate). Testicular weight/volume, seminiferous tubule diameter/epithelial height, Leydig cell volume for histomorphometry as well as hypothalamic, anterior pituitary and testicular histology were done. Neuronal degeneration and gliosis in the hypothalamus, decreased number of gonadotropes in the pituitary, disruption of seminiferous epithelium, and Leydig cell atrophy were observed in diabetic controls. Leydig cell volume (501±92.3 µm³), testicular weight (1.02±0.3 ml), and testicular volume (1.11±0.22 ml) all showed significant decrease (p<0.01) in comparison with the normal control group testicular weight (2.71 ± 1.2), testicular volume (2.98 ± 0.71) and Leydig cell volume LCV (1250 ± 212.4). At 800 mg/kg, Z. officinale improved testicular weight: 2.51±0.5 ml; Leydig cell volume: 1291±236.3 µm³, normalized hypothalamic and anterior pituitary histology. Similarly, M. whitei at 800 mg/kg improved testicular weight: 3.38±1.9 ml; Leydig cell volume: 1432±346.7 µm³; p<0.001 vs. diabetic controls with testicular weight 1.03±3ml; leydig cell volume 501±92.3µm³, improved pituitary vascularization, and hypothalamic histology. Mondia whitei at 800 mg/kg performed better than Z. officinale specifically regarding Leydig cell metrics, testicular weight, and volume. Conclusion: Both Z. officinale and M. whitei demonstrated pro-reproductive effects along the HPT axis. However, at 800 mg/kg, M. whitei exhibited greater restorative effects, on histoarchitecture and testicular histomorphometry.
Keywords: Zingiber officinale; Mondia whitei; Diabetic infertility; restorative; Testicular histomorphometry; Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis

Background: Imbalances in the oral microbiota or the presence of certain pathogenic microorganisms can lead to discomfort and various oral health issues such as dental caries, gingivitis, mucositis, oral ulcers and thrush, halitosis, and abscess. Plants and their derivatives are gaining more interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Mouth wash preparations provide a significant antimicrobial activity, promote tissue regeneration, and reduce inflammation. The mouthwash could be considered as a potential natural antimicrobial agent for treating infections caused by cariogens.
Aim: To investigate the efficiency of Picrorhiza kurroa root extract as an anticariogenic mouthwash in high caries risk patients.
Materials & methods: A fresh concentrated herbal mouth rinse of 10% was prepared by diluting it in sterile distilled water. Forty patients with high risk for caries were selected to assess the efficacy of the mouthwash. They were randomly assigned to two groups. Salivary pH, buffering capacity, and microbial count were evaluated before mouthwash use, after 10 min, and 20 mins.
Results: Alter in the pH, buffering capacity, and a decrease in microbial count.
Conclusion: Picrorhiza kurroa root extracts used as a mouthwash seem to be an effective anticaries agent.
Keywords: Picrorhiza kurroa; Mouthwash; anticariogenic; Dental Caries

This study investigated and compared the impact of Fentanyl, Midazolam, Propofol, and their combinations on clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters in Boer goats. Twenty-four apparently healthy goats (weighing 15-20 kg and aged between 2 and 2.5 years) were randomly divided into six groups; each of them was given one of the following intravenous anesthetic protocols: Fentanyl (Group-F, 2.5 µg/kg), Midazolam (Group-M, 0.3 mg/kg), Propofol (Group-P, 6 mg/kg), or a combination of Propofol-Fentanyl (Group-PF), Midazolam-Fentanyl (Group-MF), and Midazolam-Propofol (Group-MP). Clinical evaluations, including heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and reflexes (righting, palpebral, and pedal reflex) responses, were recorded before and at 5-minute intervals up to 30 minutes after drug administration. Blood samples were collected before anesthesia and 30 minutes post-induction to assess serum biochemical markers (ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, and globulin) and hematological indices (PCV, TEC, TLC, and Hb). Heart rate and rectal temperature significantly increased (P < 0.05) across all groups, while respiratory rate remained consistent. The Midazolam-Propofol group (MP) exhibited the longest duration of anesthesia (24.00±2.08 min) with complete loss of reflexes. Significant biochemical changes included increased ALT in Group M and elevated AST and albumin in Group PF. Creatinine concentrations were substantially reduced in Groups M and MP, whereas urea levels were significantly elevated in Group MP. Among the hematological parameters, hemoglobin levels were markedly higher in Group P, whereas Group M demonstrated a decreased total leukocyte count. Among all protocols, the Midazolam-Propofol combination provided the most effective and balanced anesthetic protocol for Boer goats, with stable physiological responses and manageable alterations in blood chemistry and cell counts.
Keywords: boer goats; clinical parameters; hemato-biochemical parameters; fentanyl; midazolam; propofol