Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms, most commonly resulting from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. The two primary forms of COPD chronic bronchitis and emphysema are marked by airway inflammation, structural remodeling, and narrowing of the bronchial passages, leading to impaired gas exchange and reduced lung function. As the disease advances, the patient increasingly experiences symptoms such as shortness of breath, chronic cough, and sputum production. Over time, symptom progression may necessitate additional interventions, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and in more advanced stages, supplemental oxygen therapy. The need for oxygen support can significantly impact the patient’s quality of life and daily functioning. COPD represents a major global public health burden due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. According to the World Health Organization, COPD was the third leading cause of death worldwide in 2019, accounting for approximately 3.23 million deaths. Beyond its clinical impact, COPD contributes to substantial economic strain through healthcare costs, hospitalizations, lost productivity, and long-term disability. Its chronic and progressive nature underscores the importance of early detection, preventative strategies, and comprehensive management approaches to reduce disease burden and improve patient outcomes.
References
- Barnes PJ. “Targeting cytokines to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Nature Reviews Immunology 18.7 (2018): 454-466.
- Beijers RJHCG, Steiner MC and Schols AMWJ. “The role of diet and nutrition in the management of COPD”. European Respiratory Review 32.168 (2023).
- Cao X., et al. “Advances in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 307 (2023): 116229.
- Celli BR and Wedzicha JA. “Update on clinical aspects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. New England Journal of Medicine 381.13 (2019): 1257-1266.
- Firdaus A., et al. “Medicinal plants in the treatment of respiratory diseases and their future aspects”. Recent Patents on Biotechnology (2024).
- Halpin DMG., et al. “Global Initiative for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: The 2020 GOLD Science Committee Report on COVID-19 & COPD”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 203.1 (2020).
- Heefner A., et al. “The role of nutrition in the development and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Nutrients 16.8 (2024): 1136.
- Hikichi M, Hashimoto S and Gon Y. “Asthma and COPD overlap pathophysiology of ACO”. Allergology International 67.2 (2018): 179-186.
- Labaki WW and Han MK. “Chronic respiratory diseases: A global view”. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8.6 (2020): 531-533.
- Li J., et al. “Effects of Chinese herbal medicine on acute exacerbations of COPD: A randomized, placebo-controlled study”. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 15 (2020): 2901-2912.
- Li J., et al. “The anti-inflammatory effect of a combination of five compounds from five Chinese herbal medicines used in the treatment of COPD”. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (2021).
- Lucas R., et al. “Dichotomous role of tumor necrosis factor in pulmonary barrier function and alveolar fluid clearance”. Frontiers in Physiology 12 (2022).
- Meyer NJ, Gattinoni L and Calfee CS. “Acute respiratory distress syndrome”. The Lancet 398.10300 (2021).
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - What Is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? (2022).
- Ruvuna L and Sood A. “Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Clinics in Chest Medicine 41.3 (2020): 315-327.
- Safari S., et al. “Curcumin effects on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review”. Health Science Reports 6.3 (2023).
- Scoditti E., et al. “Role of diet in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevention and treatment”. Nutrients 11.6 (2019): 1357.
- Soriano JB., et al. “Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017”. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8.6 (2020): 585-596.
- Tonga KO and Oliver BG. “Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease therapy: Focusing on traditional medical practices”. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12.14 (2023): 4815.
- Vogelmeier CF., et al. “Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 195.5 (2017): 557-582.
- Witte JA., et al. “Implementing integrated care guidelines in asthma and COPD: It ain't easy!”. Heliyon 9.11 (2023): e21540.