Abstract
Many papers study cryonics, its feasibility and effectiveness as the only currently available method for preserving life beyond the declaration of clinical death. The estimated resuscitation times of each patient and how this affects the selection of the appropriate temperature for cryopreservation is introduced. The analysis of enzymatic reaction times proves that it is not necessary to cryopreserve at -196°C but at a higher temperatures, This is the main contribution of this work.
The scope of the analysis covers the use of which substances, cryoprotectants, as well as inhibitors, should be used as well as the enzyme reaction times that take place at different temperatures.
Not only the technical details are analyzed, but also the legal perspective. Cryopreserved subjects are considered "patients" and not lifeless bodies. It is explained why this is necessary and why it should be communicated at a social level through state policies, as well as the absolute necessity to apply an immediate legal and juridical modification that allows starting the procedures without delay before the metabolic arrest of the patient, and why the World Health Organization already guarantees this in its constitution.
The aim of this paper is to confirm the cryonics method as a current solution to pause biological time and give the patient a chance, which by right, to preserve his or her life.
Keywords: cryonics; cryopreservation; cryobiology; cryoprotective agents; intracellular ice formation
References
- Cryonics. Cambridge University Press (2023).
- Lebrun P. Introduction to cryogenics (2006).
- Woodcraft L. An introduction to cryogenics (2007).
- Wowk B. The death of death in cryonics. Cryonics Archive (1988).
- Best B. “Scientific justification of cryonics practice”. Rejuvenation Research 11 (2008).
- Mazur P. Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications (1984).
- Chamberlain F. Vitrification arrives! Cryonics 21.4 (2000): 4-9.
- Best B. “Vascular and Neuronal Ischemic Damage in Cryonics Patients. Cryonics Institute, Clinton Township, Michigan”. Rejuvenation Research 15.2 (2012).
- Garcia JH, Liu KF and Ho KL. “Neuronal necrosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in Wistar rats progresses at different time intervals in the caudoputamen and the cortex”. Stroke 26.4 (1995): 636-642.
- Savitz SI., et al. “Cell therapy for stroke”. NeuroRx 1.4 (2004): 406-414.
- Pegg DE. “Principles of cryopreservation”. Methods Mol Biol (2015).
- Best B. “Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions”. Rejuvenation Research (2015).
- Bissoyi A., et al. “Targeting cryopreservation-induced cell death: A review”. Biopreserv Biobank 12 (2014): 23-34.
- Moen OM. “The case for cryonics”. Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (2015): 677-681.
- Lledó Yagüe., et al. “Oscar: Documented observations regarding the debate on the cryopreservation of the deceased human body”. The right to live after death 20 (2019): 247-265.
- Alcor Life Extension Foundation A Non-Profit Organization ‘Cryopreservation of Kim Suozzi’ in Cryonics 35.3 (2014): 15-20.
- Hamann GF., et al. “Mild to moderate hypothermia prevents microvascular basal lamina antigen loss in experimental focal cerebral ischemia”. Stroke 35.3 (2004): 764-9.
- Andjus R and Lovelock J. “Reanimation of Rats from Body Temperatures Between O And 1°C By Microwave Diathermy”. National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, N.W. 7 I28 (1955): 54I-546.
- Hunther J. “Reanimation of Rats After Cardiac and Respiratory Arrest Due to Low Body Temperature”. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology (1957).
- Suda I, Kito K and Adachi C. “Viability of long term frozen cat brain in vitro”. Nature 212.5059 (1966): 268-70.
- Safar P, Stezoski W and Nemoto EM. “Amelioration of brain damage after 12 minutes' cardiac arrest in dogs”. Arch Neurol 33.2 (1976): 91-5.
- Behringer W., et al. “Survival without brain damage after clinical death of 60-120 mins in dogs using suspended animation by profound hypothermia”. Crit Care Med 31.5 (2003): 1523-31.
- Hayashida M., et al. “Effects of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion on electroencephalographic bispectral index and suppression ratio”. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 21.1 (2007): 61-7.
- Lemler J., et al. “The arrest of biological time as a bridge to engineered negligible senescence”. Ann NY Acad Sci 1019 (2004): 559-563.
- Annual report of the AGA Group, 2018, AGA AB (publ), SE-181 81 Lidingo, Sweden.
- OI Ossetsky and OS Snurnikov. Cryptogenic technology in biological medicine. Institute of cryobiology and cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2020).
- Low PS, Bada JL and Somero GN. “Temperature adaptation of enzymes: roles of the free energy, the enthalpy, and the entropy of activation”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70.2 (1973): 430-432.
- Kolb SJ and Kissel JT. “Spinal muscular atrophy: a timely review”. Arch Neurol 68.8 (2011): 979-984.
- European Medicines Agency. Zolgensma (2020).
- Naik S and Adamic P. “Life expectancy improvement for multiple cure distributions”. Eur. Actuar. J 10 (2020): 73-90.
- McIlwain DR, Berger T and Mak TW. “Caspase functions in cell death and disease”. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5.4 (2013): a008656. Erratum in: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7.4 (2015): a026716.
- Jani A., et al. “Caspase inhibition prevents the increase in caspase-3, -2, -8 and -9 activity and apoptosis in the cold ischemic mouse kidney”. Am J Transplant. Aug 4.8 (2004): 1246-54.
- https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health
- https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/health-is-a-fundamental-human-right
- Haldane V., et al. “Community participation in health services development, implementation, and evaluation: A systematic review of empowerment, health, community, and process outcomes”. PLoS One 14.5 (2019): e0216112.
- Colimon K. Prevention Levels. Cited 25/32010.
- García G, Rodríguez M and Benia W. “Levels and Prevention Strategies”. En Benia W. Public Health Issues. Tomo I. Montevideo, Fefmur (2008): 19-26.