PriMera Scientific Medicine and Public Health (ISSN: 2833-5627)

Research Study

Volume 8 Issue 1

Clinical and Hemato-biochemical Evaluation of Fentanyl, Midazolam, and Propofol in Boer Goats

Rukhsana Amin Runa*, Jannatul Kader Bornona, Sameer Ahamed, Pronab Pandit, Sadia Islam, Linkon Ghosh and Md. Mahmudul Alam

January 07, 2026

DOI : 10.56831/PSMPH-08-267

View PDF

Abstract

This study investigated and compared the impact of Fentanyl, Midazolam, Propofol, and their combinations on clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters in Boer goats. Twenty-four apparently healthy goats (weighing 15-20 kg and aged between 2 and 2.5 years) were randomly divided into six groups; each of them was given one of the following intravenous anesthetic protocols: Fentanyl (Group-F, 2.5 µg/kg), Midazolam (Group-M, 0.3 mg/kg), Propofol (Group-P, 6 mg/kg), or a combination of Propofol-Fentanyl (Group-PF), Midazolam-Fentanyl (Group-MF), and Midazolam-Propofol (Group-MP). Clinical evaluations, including heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and reflexes (righting, palpebral, and pedal reflex) responses, were recorded before and at 5-minute intervals up to 30 minutes after drug administration. Blood samples were collected before anesthesia and 30 minutes post-induction to assess serum biochemical markers (ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, and globulin) and hematological indices (PCV, TEC, TLC, and Hb). Heart rate and rectal temperature significantly increased (P < 0.05) across all groups, while respiratory rate remained consistent. The Midazolam-Propofol group (MP) exhibited the longest duration of anesthesia (24.00±2.08 min) with complete loss of reflexes. Significant biochemical changes included increased ALT in Group M and elevated AST and albumin in Group PF. Creatinine concentrations were substantially reduced in Groups M and MP, whereas urea levels were significantly elevated in Group MP. Among the hematological parameters, hemoglobin levels were markedly higher in Group P, whereas Group M demonstrated a decreased total leukocyte count. Among all protocols, the Midazolam-Propofol combination provided the most effective and balanced anesthetic protocol for Boer goats, with stable physiological responses and manageable alterations in blood chemistry and cell counts.

Keywords: boer goats; clinical parameters; hemato-biochemical parameters; fentanyl; midazolam; propofol

References

  1. Hall LW, Clarke KW and Trim CM. “Veterinary Anaesthesia”. Saunders (2014): 693.
  2. Reid J, Nolan AM and Welsh E. “Propofol as an induction agent in the goat: a pharmacokinetic study”. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16.4 (1993): 488-493.
  3. Muir WW and Gadawski JE. “Cardiovascular effects of a high dose of romifidine in propofol-anesthetized cats”. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63.9 (2002): 1241-1246.
  4. Mama KR., et al. “Comparison of two techniques for total intravenous anesthesia in horses”. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59.10 (1998): 1292-8.
  5. Smith JA., et al. “Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs”. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202.7 (1993): 1111-1115.
  6. Carroll GL., et al. “Detomidine-Butorphanol-Propofol for carotid artery translocation and castration or ovariectomy in goats”. Veterinary Surgery 27.1 (1998): 75-82.
  7. Cao JL., et al. “Pretreatment with midazolam suppresses morphine withdrawal response in mice and rats”. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 23.8 (2002): 685-690.
  8. Stegmann GF and Bester L. “Sedative-hypnotic effects of midazolam in goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration”. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 28.1 (2001): 49-55.
  9. Dzikitia TB., et al. “Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine, midazolam, butorphanol, acepromazine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on propofol anaesthesia in goats”. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 80.1 (2009): 10-16.
  10. Seehase M., et al. “Propofol administration to the fetal-maternal unit reduces cardiac injury in late-preterm lambs subjected to severe prenatal asphyxia and cardiac arrest”. Pediatric Research 73.1-4 (2013): 427-434.
  11. Kumar A., et al. “Evaluation of propofol and ketofol as induction agents in dogs premedicated with butorphanol-diazepam for isoflurane anaesthesia”. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery 41.2 (2020): 87-91.
  12. Oguntoye C and Oke B. “A comparison of xylazine/ketamine, diazepam/ketamine and acepromazine/ketamine anaesthesia in rabbit”. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 12.3 (2015): 21.
  13. Win NN., et al. “The different effects of intravenous propofol and midazolam sedation on hemodynamic and heart rate variability”. Anesthesia & Analgesia 101.1 (2005): 97-102.
  14. Lin HC., et al. “Anesthesia in sheep with propofol or with xylazine-ketamine followed by halothane”. Veterinary Surgery 26.3 (1997): 247-252.
  15. Brüssel T., et al. “Hemodynamic and cardiodynamic effects of propofol and etomidate: negative inotropic properties of propofol”. Anesthesia & Analgesia 69.1 (1989): 35-40.
  16. Elkasapy A. “Xylazine, ketamine and propofol general anesthesia for laparoscopic intervention in goats”. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 45.2 (2023): 41-45.
  17. Asif M., et al. “Effects of detomidine and midazolam administered alone or combined, on induction dose and quality of propofol and ketamine anesthesia in goats”. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 31.2 (2020): 441-449.
  18. Karasu A., et al. “Evaluation of the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam using clinical and laboratory parameters in rabbits”. Medycyna Weterynaryjna-Veterinary Medicine-Science and Practice 74.10 (2018).
  19. Abdulrazaq AW., et al. “Study the effect of ketamine, xylazine and their combination on liver and kidney features in rabbits”. Annals of R.S.C.B. 25.6 (2021): 3427-3432.
  20. Antoniades CG., et al. “The importance of immune dysfunction in determining outcome in acute liver failure”. Journal of Hepatology 49.5 (2008): 845-861.
  21. Arulkumaran N., et al. “Management of the dialysis patient in general intensive care”. British Journal of Anaesthesia 108.2 (2012): 183-192.
  22. Potter J., et al. “Preliminary investigation into change in packed cell volume (PCV) after administration of two premedication protocols followed by induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in goats”. Emerging Animal Species 5 (2022): 100012.
  23. González Gil A., et al. “Effects of the anaesthetic/tranquillizer treatments on selected plasma biochemical parameters in NZW rabbits”. Laboratory Animals 37.2 (2003): 155-161.
  24. Ragab G., et al. “Clinicophysiological and hematobiochemical effect of dexmedetomidine or diazepam with ketamine and propofol in total intravenous anesthesia in goats”. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 11.1 (2022): 54.